{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:14:15Z","timestamp":1791947655435,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":278,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diseases associated with generalized tremors in dogs have not been extensively investigated in a large population of dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Describe semiology, tremor phenotype, and diseases associated with generalized tremors in dogs, and identify clinical features that could be associated with the underlying disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 198 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective, single-center study of dogs with generalized tremors and a final or presumptive diagnosis between January 2003 and December 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most common diseases associated with generalized tremors in dogs were intoxication (91\/198; 46%), idiopathic generalized tremor syndrome (IGTS; 49\/198; 24.7%), hypocalcemia (13\/198; 6.6%), meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO; 9\/198; 4.5%), hypoglycemia (6\/198; 3%), hypercalcemia (5\/198; 2.5%) and degenerative encephalopathies (5\/198; 2.5%). Dogs with IGTS were females (p\u2009=\u20090.002), younger (p\u2009=\u20090.002) with an acute progressive lateralizing presentation (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001 for all three), compared to dogs with intoxication that were males (p\u2009=\u20090.002), young and middle-aged (p\u2009=\u20090.002) with a hyperacute nonprogressive symmetric presentation (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001 for all three). Behavioral changes (p\u2009=\u20090.01), hypersalivation (p\u2009=\u20090.04), abnormal mentation (p\u2009=\u20090.01), bilateral mydriasis (p\u2009=\u20090.02) or generalized hyperesthesia (p\u2009=\u20090.002) were common in intoxication, whereas hyporexia and vestibulocerebellar signs (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001 both) were common in IGTS. Dogs manifested only tremors in intoxication (45%) compared with IGTS (22%; p\u2009=\u20090.01). Improvement within 48\u2009h from the onset of signs without corticosteroid treatment occurred exclusively in dogs with intoxication (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intoxication and IGTS were the most common diseases associated with generalized tremors in dogs. Historical and clinical features may aid the clinician in adjusting their differential diagnoses and formulating a diagnostic and treatment plan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T19:38:43Z","timestamp":1743363523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Generalized Tremors in Dogs: 198 Cases (2003\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2815-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theofanis","family":"Liatis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College Department of Clinical Science and Services, , Hatfield,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie F. 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