{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:25:18Z","timestamp":1790875518962,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":295,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BSAVA PetSavers","award":["G122059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G122059"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009449","name":"Petplan Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NoS23-1264-1303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NoS23-1264-1303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009449","name":"Petplan Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NoS23\u20101264\u20101303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NoS23\u20101264\u20101303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myasthenia gravis (MG) is categorized into several subgroups, including seronegative MG. Seronegative human patients are well documented, but seronegative dogs remain clinically uncharacterized and their prevalence unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of canine MG subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred sixty-seven owner-owned dogs diagnosed with MG from three referral centers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case series. We classified myasthenic dogs into subgroups, adhering to human guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We classified 167 dogs into four subgroups: acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody-positive generalized (49.7%, n\u2009=\u200983\/167), focal (19.2%, n\u2009=\u200932\/167) and thymoma-associated MG (9%, n\u2009=\u200915\/167) and seronegative MG (22.2%, n\u2009=\u200937\/167). Dogs with thymoma-associated MG were older (median 102\u2009months; Interquartile Range (IQR) 96\u2013120; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and seronegative dogs were younger (median 30\u2009months; IQR 11.5\u201366; p\u2009=\u20090.017), compared to the generalized subgroup (median 67\u2009months; IQR 36\u201396). Seronegative dogs presented less frequently with megaesophagus, compared to the generalized subgroup (63.8% vs. 85.7%; Odds Ratio 3.4; 95% confidence intervals (C.I.) 1.4\u20138.9; p\u2009=\u20090.025). Myasthenic dogs' survival time was significantly reduced when thymoma (Hazard Ratio (H.R.) 3.7; 95% C.I. 1.4\u20139.9; p\u2009=\u20090.028) or esophageal weakness (H.R. 3.8; 95% C.I. 2.0\u20137.0; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) was present. Conversely, a higher likelihood of remission was achieved when esophageal weakness was absent (H.R. 3.8; 95% C.I. 1.4\u201310.0; p\u2009=\u20090.007).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs with seronegative MG are more common than previously reported. Myasthenic subgroups differ in presentation and outcome, with esophageal weakness key to survival and remission. Diagnostic tests for seronegative dogs and effective treatments for esophageal weakness in myasthenic dogs are urgently needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T06:28:45Z","timestamp":1745908125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Case Series of Canine Myasthenia Gravis: A Classification Approach With Consideration of Seronegative Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Rui Xavier","family":"Dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge Department of Veterinary Medicine, , Cambridge,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Waelkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Small Animal Department, , Ghent,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2176-5873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbe H.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College, University of London Department of Clinical Science and Services, , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4254-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge Department of Veterinary Medicine, , Cambridge,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Sami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College, University of London Department of Clinical Science and Services, , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9452-7262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio A.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge Department of Veterinary Medicine, , Cambridge,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anouk","family":"Van Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Small Animal Department, , Ghent,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Van Soens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Small Animal Department, , Ghent,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ine","family":"Cornelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Small Animal Department, , Ghent,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake","family":"Canning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Subgroup, University of Oxford Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, , Oxford,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7851-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"Fenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College, University of London Department of Clinical Science and Services, , London,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Subgroup, University of Oxford Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, , Oxford,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie F. 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