{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T07:03:34Z","timestamp":1771830214394,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":237,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Proteinuria is associated with autoimmune diseases in humans. There is minimal evidence in the veterinary literature on proteinuria and its association with immune-mediated disease in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Renal proteinuria is common in dogs with immune-mediated disease. Dogs presenting with pyrexia or immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) are more likely to have proteinuria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred and forty-four dogs with primary immune-mediated diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective, observational study. Data collected included signalment, travel outside the United Kingdom, duration of clinical signs, diagnosis, urinalysis, and urine protein\u2013creatinine ratio (UPCR). Non-proteinuric, mild proteinuria, moderate proteinuria, and severe proteinuria were defined as UPCR &amp;lt;\u20090.5; \u2265\u20090.5\u20131; \u2265\u20091\u20132; \u2265\u20092, respectively. Exclusion criteria included azotemia, hypoalbuminemia (&amp;lt;\u20092.0\u2009g\/dL), foreign travel, active urine sediment or positive culture, glucocorticoid therapy for greater than 24\u2009h prior to presentation, or medication known to influence UPCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-seven dogs were non-proteinuric (47%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 38%, 55%), 25 mildly proteinuric (17%; 95% CI: 9%, 26%), 15 moderately proteinuric (10%; 95% CI: 2%, 19%), and 37 severely proteinuric (26%; 95% CI: 17%, 34%). On multiple logistic regression analysis, female dogs (odds ratio [OR]: 3.24; 95% CI: 1.49, 7.42), individuals with pyrexia (OR: 6.59; 95% CI: 3.00, 15.37), or hemoglobinuria (OR: 27.21; 95% CI: 4.79, 516.56) were more likely to have proteinuria. There was an association between steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis and the magnitude of proteinuria on multiple linear regression (p\u2009=\u20090.025); this was not confirmed on multiple logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Proteinuria is common in dogs with immune-mediated disease and can be severe. Screening for proteinuria could be considered part of the diagnostic assessment for dogs with immune-mediated disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:30:46Z","timestamp":1749429046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of Proteinuria in Dogs With Immune-Mediated Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6636-2085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James C.","family":"Barton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Teaching Hospital, The University of Liverpool , Liverpool,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3017-7988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander J.","family":"German","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Teaching Hospital, The University of Liverpool , Liverpool,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin M.","family":"O'Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Teaching Hospital, The University of Liverpool , Liverpool,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02713.x","article-title":"Assessment and Management of Proteinuria in Dogs and Cats: 2004 ACVIM Forum Consensus Statement (Small Animal)","volume":"19","author":"Lees","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.5.141","article-title":"Associations Between Proteinuria, Systemic Hypertension and Glomerular Filtration Rate in Dogs With Renal and Non-Renal Diseases","volume":"162","author":"Wehner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0669.x","article-title":"Comparison of Signalment, Clinicopathologic Findings, Histologic Diagnosis, and Prognosis in Dogs With Glomerular Disease With or Without Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Klosterman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.393","article-title":"Evaluation of the Association Between Initial Proteinuria and Morbidity Rate or Death in Dogs With Naturally Occurring Chronic Renal Failure","volume":"226","author":"Jacob","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02892.x","article-title":"Survival of Cats With Naturally Occurring Chronic Renal Failure Is Related to Severity of Proteinuria","volume":"20","author":"Syme","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00362","article-title":"Prognostic Factors in Dogs With Common Causes of Proteinuria","volume":"164","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schweizer Archiv f\u00fcr Tierheilkunde"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0007","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Consensus Recommendations for Standard Therapy of Glomerular Disease in Dogs","volume":"27","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43359-2_5","volume-title":"Proteinuria: Basic Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Clinical Relevance","author":"Goetz","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0009","first-page":"28","article-title":"4. Kidneys and Autoimmune Disease","volume":"20","author":"Gorenjak","year":"2009","journal-title":"EJIFCC"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00816-y","article-title":"Glomerulonephritis: Immunopathogenesis and Immunotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Anders","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Immunology"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01809","article-title":"Immunological Pathogenesis of Membranous Nephropathy: Focus on PLA2R1 and Its Role","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0012","article-title":"Relationship Between Autoimmune Thyroid Disease and Nephropathy: A Clinicopathological Study","volume":"100","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s13730-019-00399-z","article-title":"Membranous Nephropathy Caused by Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Iida","year":"2019","journal-title":"CEN Case Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2013.872568","article-title":"Combined Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy: A Similar Pathophysiologic Process?","volume":"36","author":"Kahraman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renal Failure"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0141-9","article-title":"Lupus Nephritis","volume":"6","author":"Anders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Disease Primers"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.1.28","article-title":"Glomerular and Tubular Proteinuria as Markers of Nephropathy in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"38","author":"Niederstadt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nephro.2020.10.002","article-title":"Renal Involvement in Sj\u00f6gren's Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Fran\u00e7ois","year":"2020","journal-title":"N\u00e9phrologie & Th\u00e9rapeutique"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24020","article-title":"Features Associated With, and the Impact of, Hemolytic Anemia in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: LX, Results From a Multiethnic Cohort","volume":"59","author":"Dur\u00e1n","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis and Rheumatism"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5744","article-title":"Canine Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis: Part 1: Pathophysiology","volume":"48","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.09.011","article-title":"Cutaneous vasculitis in small animals","volume":"43","author":"Inner\u00e5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0021","first-page":"217","article-title":"Canine Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia: Pathophysiology, Clinical Signs, and Diagnosis","volume":"29","author":"Balch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compendium: Continuing Education for Veterinarians"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(99)00059-8","article-title":"A Review of Immunologic Diseases of the Dog","volume":"69","author":"Pedersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000302","article-title":"Analysis of 65 Renal Biopsies From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis (1976\u20132015): Change in Treatment Strategies Decreased Frequency and Modified Histopathological Findings","volume":"21","author":"Vinicki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13503","article-title":"Point Prevalence and Clinical Course of Proteinuria in Dogs With Idiopathic Non-Erosive Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis","volume":"63","author":"Barker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Small Animal Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0025","first-page":"S19","article-title":"Consensus Recommendations for the Diagnostic Investigation of Dogs With Suspected Glomerular Disease","volume":"27","author":"Littman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0026","article-title":"\u201cStaging of CKD,\u201d","author":"International Renal Interest Society"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0027","article-title":"\u201cGrading of AKI,\u201d","author":"International Renal Interest Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15377","article-title":"Relationships Among Urinary Protein-To-Creatinine Ratio, Urine Specific Gravity, and Bacteriuria in Canine Urine Samples","volume":"33","author":"Meindl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13669","article-title":"The Relationships Between Sediment Findings and Culture Results and the Presence of Proteinuria in Canine Urine Samples","volume":"64","author":"Fulton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Small Animal Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1986.120","article-title":"Canine Chronic Renal Disease: Prevalence and Types of Glomerulonephritis in the Dog","volume":"29","author":"Macdougall","year":"1986","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16996","article-title":"ACVIM Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis of Immune Thrombocytopenia in Dogs and Cats","volume":"38","author":"LeVine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15441","article-title":"ACVIM Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis of Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in Dogs and Cats","volume":"33","author":"Garden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0033","article-title":"Canine Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis: A Review of 84 Cases in the UK Between 2011 and 2021","volume":"10","author":"Perez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Veterinary Medicine and Science"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12840","article-title":"Prevalence of Proteinuria in a Canine Oncology Population","volume":"59","author":"Prudic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Small Animal Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12004.x","article-title":"Proteinuria in Canine Patients With Lymphoma","volume":"54","author":"Di Bella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Small Animal Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0036","first-page":"611","article-title":"A Retrospective Study of Proteinuria in Dogs Receiving Toceranib Phosphate","volume":"59","author":"Piscoya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0037","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0038","article-title":"\u201caod: Analysis of Overdispersed Data [R package Version 1.3.3],\u201d","author":"Lesnoff"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0039","volume-title":"An R Companion to Applied Regression","author":"Fox","year":"2018","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0040","article-title":"\u201cDescTools: Tools for Descriptive Statistics [R Package Version 0.99.58],\u201d","author":"Signorell"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"\u201cglmtoolbox: Set of Tools to Data Analysis Using Generalized Linear Models,\u201d","author":"Vanegas","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.glmtoolbox"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2","volume-title":"Modern Applied Statistics With S","author":"Venables","year":"2002","edition":"4th ed."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0043","article-title":"Performance: An R Package for Assessment, Comparison and Testing of Statistical Models","volume":"6","author":"L\u00fcdecke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0044","first-page":"461","article-title":"Estimating the Dimension of a Model","volume":"6","author":"Schwartz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Annals of Statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.199","article-title":"The Bayesian Information Criterion: Background, Derivation, and Applications","volume":"4","author":"Neath","year":"2012","journal-title":"WIREs Computational Statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/78.3.691","article-title":"A Note on a General Definition of the Coefficient of Determination","volume":"78","author":"Nagelkerke","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0047","first-page":"452","article-title":"In Vitro Quantification of Anti-Red Blood Cell Antibody Production in Idiopathic Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia: Effect of Mitogen and Cytokine Stimulation","volume":"111","author":"Barcellini","year":"2000","journal-title":"British Journal of Haematology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930290005891","article-title":"Th1 and Th2 Cytokine Modulation by IL-10\/IL-12 Imbalance in Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia (AIHA)","volume":"35","author":"Fagiolo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0642.x","article-title":"Use of Serum Concentrations of Interleukin-18 and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 as Prognostic Indicators in Primary Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in Dogs","volume":"25","author":"Kjelgaard-Hansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-009-0003-0","article-title":"Serial Cytokine Levels in Patients With Severe Sepsis","volume":"58","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflammation Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2012.08.008","article-title":"Critical Role of Th17 Cells in Development of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia","volume":"40","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Experimental Hematology"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.08.010","article-title":"Comparison of Cytokine Responses Between Dogs With Sepsis and Dogs With Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia","volume":"180","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0053","article-title":"Biomarkers of Non-Infectious Inflammatory CNS Diseases in Dogs: Where Are We Now? Part 2\u2014Steroid Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis","volume":"273","author":"Andersen-Ranberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0054","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Haider","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0055","volume-title":"The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology","author":"Seldin","year":"1985"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.03.005","article-title":"Female Predominance and X Chromosome Defects in Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"33","author":"Invernizzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0057","article-title":"The Prevalence of Autoimmune Disorders in Women: A Narrative Review","volume":"12","author":"Angum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02378.x","article-title":"Prognostic Factors for Mortality and Thromboembolism in Canine Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia: A Retrospective Study of 72 Dogs","volume":"16","author":"Carr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12951","article-title":"Pregnancy-Associated Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in a Dog","volume":"30","author":"Fernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2018.11.003","article-title":"Immune-Mediated Central Nervous System Disease-Current Knowledge and Recommendations","volume":"34","author":"Vitale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Topics in Companion Animal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2022.04.008","article-title":"Sex and Gender in Glomerular Disease","volume":"42","author":"Beckwith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Seminars in Nephrology"},{"key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0062","first-page":"873","volume-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine","author":"Stone","year":"2017","edition":"8th ed."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858231173362","article-title":"German Shorthaired Pointer Dogs With Exfoliative Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Develop Immune-Complex Membranous Glomerulonephropathy","volume":"60","author":"Amerman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Veterinary Pathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16864","article-title":"Response and Survival of Dogs With Proteinuria (UPC\u2009&gt;\u20092.0) Treated With Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors","volume":"37","author":"Fulton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00086.x","article-title":"Effects of Glucocorticoid Therapy on Urine Protein-To-Creatinine Ratios and Renal Morphology in Dogs","volume":"11","author":"Waters","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022301175933600_jvim70162-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.0039.x","article-title":"The Effects of Hydrocortisone on Systemic Arterial Blood Pressure and Urinary Protein Excretion in Dogs","volume":"22","author":"Schellenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/39\/4\/jvim70162\/67067775\/jvim70162.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/39\/4\/jvim70162\/67067775\/jvim70162.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T06:18:12Z","timestamp":1771827492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1111\/jvim.70162\/8494631"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.70162","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jvim70162"}}