{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:48:56Z","timestamp":1791226136529,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":234,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031691","name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRF-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRF-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011019","name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RRF 2.3.1-21-2021-00006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF 2.3.1-21-2021-00006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011019","name":"Nemzeti Kutat\u00e1si Fejleszt\u00e9si \u00e9s Innov\u00e1ci\u00f3s Hivatal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RRF 2.3.1\u201021\u20102021\u201000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF 2.3.1\u201021\u20102021\u201000006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the last three decades, West Nile virus (WNV, Flaviviridae, Orthoflavivirus genus) has become one of the most important encephalitic agents worldwide, causing substantial numbers of cases in humans and horses every year by re-emerging in endemic areas and emerging in new territories. It is considered that after natural WNV infection, humans and birds develop long-term immunoprotection, but data on immunoprotection in horses is scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>West Nile virus infection provides long-term humoral immunity in subclinically infected horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Client-owned, naturally WNV subclinically infected non-WNV-vaccinated, healthy horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective cohort study, anti-WNV neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers of 25 horses were monitored for 5 consecutive years in Hungary. Serum samples were collected annually. First, a WNV immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA was performed, followed by virus neutralization tests (VNT) for endemic orthoflaviviruses. A VNT titer &amp;gt;\u20098 was considered positive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean WNV titer of horses was 260.64\u2009\u00b1\u2009336.74 in 2019, 114.32\u2009\u00b1\u2009107.36 in 2020, 95.38\u2009\u00b1\u2009115.56 in 2021, 22.53\u2009\u00b1\u200925.71 in 2022 and 6.31\u2009\u00b1\u20095.15 in 2023. A significant decrease (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) in the nAb titers occurred over time. In 2023, 88% of the horses had WNV VNT titers below the cut-off value.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results showed a significant decrease in WNV titers over time. Because nAbs correlate best with orthoflavivirus protection, our findings suggest that horses might not be protected against re-infection. We recommend regular nAb titer testing or vaccination in endemic areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T06:50:14Z","timestamp":1750143014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Long-Term Humoral Immune Response After West Nile Virus Convalescence in Horses in a Geographic Area of\u00a0Multiple Orthoflavivirus Co-Circulation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0711-2718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Csenge Hanna","family":"Tolnai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, , Budapest,","place":["Hungary"]},{"name":"Health Safety National Laboratory , Budapest,","place":["Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Forg\u00e1ch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, , Budapest,","place":["Hungary"]},{"name":"Health Safety National Laboratory , Budapest,","place":["Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Marosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, , Budapest,","place":["Hungary"]},{"name":"Health Safety National Laboratory , Budapest,","place":["Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orsolya","family":"Feh\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Institute for Animal Breeding , Budapest,","place":["Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Paszerbovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest Department of Biostatistics, , Budapest,","place":["Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikl\u00f3s","family":"Tenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, , Budapest,","place":["Hungary"]},{"name":"Health Safety National Laboratory , Budapest,","place":["Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsombor","family":"Wagenhoffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Institute for Animal Breeding , 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