{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:39:04Z","timestamp":1790120344732,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":234,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prophylactic fenestration (PF) has been reported to protect against recurrent intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE), but recurrence is not always confirmed. No published studies address the cost\u2013benefit of PF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observe the association between PF and intervertebral disc (IVD) survival and conduct cost\u2013benefit analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty chondrodystrophic dogs with recurrent IVDE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal assessment with follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to retrospectively observe the survival of in\u00a0situ IVDs. The association between PF and IVD survival was analyzed using a multivariable survival model, which included Pfirrmann grade as a covariate. Worst-case, base-case, and best-case cost\u2013benefit simulations were conducted, corresponding to the lower 95% confidence interval (CI), point estimate, and upper 95% CI of the effect size of PF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For IVDs treated with PF, 4\/31 (12.9%) IVDs were documented to subsequently extrude on follow-up MRI. For IVDs not treated with PF, 76\/602 (12.6%) were documented to subsequently extrude on follow-up MRI. There was no association between the use of PF and IVD survival (time ratio: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.49\u20132.76; p\u2009=\u20090.72). An increase in Pfirrmann grade was associated with a decrease in IVD survival (time ratio: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.26\u20130.46; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Prophylactic fenestration was only cost-effective under a limited range of conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was no evidence that PF prevented IVDE under study conditions. Pfirrmann grade was the strongest predictor of IVD survival. Universal use of PF was not cost-effective in multiple simulations. Targeted PF of high-risk IVDs may be considered the most cost-effective approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T07:25:27Z","timestamp":1752823527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Longitudinal Assessment and Cost\u2013Benefit Analysis of\u00a0Prophylactic Fenestration in Chondrodystrophic Dogs With Follow-Up Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0215-4997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Low","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"frank. 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Pet Surgeons. , Leeds,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Charalambous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blaise Veterinary Referral Hospital , Birmingham,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026022003433846700_jvim70191-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16480","article-title":"ACVIM Consensus Statement on Diagnosis and Management of Acute Canine Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Extrusion","volume":"36","author":"Olby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022003433846700_jvim70191-bib-0002","article-title":"Intervertebral Disc Disease and Aortic Thromboembolism Are the Most Common Causes of Acute Paralysis in Dogs and Cats Presenting to an Emergency Clinic","volume":"187","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022003433846700_jvim70191-bib-0003","article-title":"DachsLife 2015: An Investigation of Lifestyle Associations With the Risk of Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dachshunds","volume":"3","author":"Packer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Canine Genetics and Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022003433846700_jvim70191-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12102.x","article-title":"A Comparison of Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Extrusion in French Bulldogs and Dachshunds and Association With Congenital Vertebral Anomalies","volume":"43","author":"Aikawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinary Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022003433846700_jvim70191-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15040602","article-title":"Comparison of Clinical Features of Intervertebral Disc Extrusions in English Cocker Spaniels, French Bulldogs and Dachshunds","volume":"15","author":"Abouzeid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022003433846700_jvim70191-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11476","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1709082114","article-title":"FGF4 Retrogene on CFA12 Is Responsible for Chondrodystrophy and Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs","volume":"114","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022003433846700_jvim70191-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1231","article-title":"Risk Factors for Recurrence of Clinical Signs Associated With Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Herniation in Dogs: 229 Cases (1994\u20132000)","volume":"225","author":"Mayhew","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022003433846700_jvim70191-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12653","article-title":"Re-Opening the Window on Fenestration as a Treatment for Acute Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation in Dogs","volume":"58","author":"Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Small Animal Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022003433846700_jvim70191-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.08.012","article-title":"The Role of Fenestration in Management of Type I Thoracolumbar Disk Degeneration","volume":"48","author":"Jeffery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics of North America. 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