{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T21:01:02Z","timestamp":1790974862883,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":171,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"N\/A"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between fluid characteristics and cause of cavitary effusions is incompletely characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Describe fluid characteristics and cytologic classification of cavitary effusions in dogs and cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 269 dogs and 107 cats with cytologic fluid analysis of cavitary effusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective medical record review (2016\u20132020). Differences among groups were assessed using Kruskal\u2013Wallis testing with post hoc pairwise Dunn's or Fisher's Exact testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In dogs, peritoneal transudates most frequently were caused by decreased oncotic pressure (DOP; 63%, p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and modified transudates by increased hydrostatic pressure (IHP; 41%, p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Peritoneal exudates more frequently were caused by increased vascular permeability (IVP; 40%), ruptured viscera (35%), or neoplasia (23%) compared with IHP or DOP (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01 for all). Pleural transudates in dogs most frequently were caused by DOP (79%, p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and modified transudates by IHP (33%) or neoplasia (29%). Pleural exudates were more likely to be caused by neoplasia (52%) or IVP (36%) compared with IHP or DOP (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). In cats, peritoneal effusions commonly were caused by IVP or neoplasia, and pleural effusions by IHP or neoplasia. No statistical relationship was found between cytologic category and cause of effusion in cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cytologic classification and fluid characteristics are most predictive of disease process in peritoneal effusions in dogs, whereas effusions in cats have substantial overlap across causes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T13:54:37Z","timestamp":1754315677000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Retrospective Evaluation of the Causes and Fluid Characteristics of Cavitary Effusions in Dogs and Cats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Sotillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , Ames, Iowa,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin K.","family":"Viall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Department of Pathology, , Davis, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7459-708X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Sebastien","family":"Palerme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , Ames, 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