{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T22:43:14Z","timestamp":1780785794440,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":171,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum copeptin (sCoP) is used as a surrogate for plasma arginine vasopressin (pAVP) measurement in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To measure pAVP and sCoP at rest and after osmotic- and non-osmotic stimulation testing in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight young castrated\/spayed healthy research Beagles, eight young intact dogs, and eight old neutered healthy client-owned dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective longitudinal study, pAVP and sCoP were measured under iso-(baseline), hypo-(water load followed by intravenous administration of desmopressin [WLT]), and hyper-(water deprivation test [WDT]) osmolar conditions assessed by measured plasma osmolality (pOsm(m)), and after administration of arginine (AST), IV, and Bovril (BST), PO. The fraction of change (F) in a variable y (e.g., pAVP) between baseline (T0) and a timepoint X (TX) during testing was defined as Fy\u2009=\u2009[y (TX)\u2009\u2013\u2009y (T0)]\/y (T0).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline sCoP had wide inter-individual variations. Mean [range] FpAVP and FsCoP at the end of WDT were +110% [+80; +142] and +18% [+0.4; +38] compared to baseline, respectively. Mean [range] FpAVP after water load and FsCoP after water load followed by desmopressin administration were \u221222% [\u221248; \u22120.5] and \u221229% [\u221239; \u221214] compared to baseline, respectively. Both FpAVP and FsCoP were strongly correlated to FpOsm(m) (r\u2009=\u2009+0.76, p\u2009=\u20090.004; r\u2009=\u2009+0.78, p\u2009=\u20090.002; respectively). When sCoP was measured at T4h instead of T2h during WLT, to reflect its longer half-life reported in humans, the correlation between FpAVPP800 and FsCoP became excellent (r\u2009=\u2009+0.90, p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). No stimulation of sCoP secretion occurred during AST or BST.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum CoP could be used as a surrogate for pAVP measurement in healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T07:44:54Z","timestamp":1757317494000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Plasma Arginine Vasopressin and Serum Copeptin Concentrations at Rest and After Osmotic- and Non-Osmotic-Based Stimulation Tests in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8358-5101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu Victor","family":"Paulin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schermerhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Manhattan, Kansas,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorsa","family":"Mehrabanpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suraj","family":"Unniappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Snead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0001","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Canine and Feline Endocrinology","author":"Nelson","year":"2015","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0002","first-page":"E351","article-title":"Osmotic Stimulation of the Supraoptic Nucleus: Central and Peripheral Vasopressin Release and Blood Pressure","volume":"266","author":"Ludwig","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1528008","article-title":"Arginine Vasopressin and Copeptin: Comparative Review and Perspective in Veterinary Medicine","volume":"12","author":"Paulin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0004","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Koshy","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.11.001","article-title":"Copeptin: Clinical Use of a New Biomarker","volume":"19","author":"Morgenthaler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac070","article-title":"Approach to the Patient: \u201cUtility of the Copeptin Assay\u201d","volume":"107","author":"Christ-Crain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107423","article-title":"Development and Clinical Application of a New Method for the Radioimmunoassay of Arginine Vasopressin in Human Plasma","volume":"52","author":"Robertson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09509-9","article-title":"Vasopressin and Copeptin in Health and Disease","volume":"20","author":"Christ-Crain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2012.04.002","article-title":"Pituitary Deficiencies","volume":"27","author":"Greco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Topics in Companion Animal Medicine"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(01)50001-7","article-title":"Polyuria and Polydipsia. Diagnostic Approach and Problems Associated With Patient Evaluation","volume":"31","author":"Nichols","year":"2001","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/295299a0","article-title":"Nucleotide Sequence of Cloned cDNA Encoding Bovine Arginine Vasopressin-Neurophysin II Precursor","volume":"295","author":"Land","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.060038","article-title":"Assay for the Measurement of Copeptin, a Stable Peptide Derived From the Precursor of Vasopressin","volume":"52","author":"Morgenthaler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2306263","article-title":"Arginine or Hypertonic Saline-Stimulated Copeptin to Diagnose AVP Deficiency","volume":"389","author":"Refardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31255-3","article-title":"Arginine-Stimulated Copeptin Measurements in the Differential Diagnosis of Diabetes Insipidus: A Prospective Diagnostic Study","volume":"394","author":"Winzeler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-1955-7","article-title":"Copeptin Levels and Commonly Used Laboratory Parameters in Hospitalised Patients With Severe Hypernatraemia\u2014The \u201cco-MED Study\u201d","volume":"22","author":"Nigro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2345","article-title":"Copeptin in the Differential Diagnosis of the Polydipsia-Polyuria Syndrome\u2014Revisiting the Direct and Indirect Water Deprivation Tests","volume":"96","author":"Fenske","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-4507","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Copeptin in the Differential Diagnosis of the Polyuria-Polydipsia Syndrome: A Prospective Multicenter Study","volume":"100","author":"Timper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803760","article-title":"A Copeptin-Based Approach in the Diagnosis of Diabetes Insipidus","volume":"379","author":"Fenske","year":"2018","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0019","first-page":"208","article-title":"Reappraisal of Bovril as a Source of Arginine in the Arginine Stimulation Test for Growth Hormone Deficiency","volume":"70","author":"Loh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Malaysia"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0020","first-page":"12","article-title":"Signs of Anxiety and Salivary Copeptin Levels in Dogs Diagnosed With Separation-Related Problems in a Short Separation Test","volume":"12","author":"Pierantoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0021","first-page":"530","article-title":"Validation of a Copeptin Assay in Normal Dogs [Abstract]. 2023 ACVIM Forum, Philadelphia PA (e-Poster Presentation)","volume":"38","author":"Schermerhorn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0022","article-title":"\u201cInvestigation of Serum Copeptin Concentrations in Diabetic Dogs [Abstract],\u201d","author":"Springfield","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03005.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Systemic Hypertension in Dogs and Cats","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15331","article-title":"ACVIM Consensus Statement: Guidelines for the Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Systemic Hypertension in Dogs and Cats","volume":"32","author":"Acierno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.9.1206","article-title":"Validation of a Commercially Available Enzyme Immunoassay for Measurement of Plasma Antidiuretic Hormone Concentration in Healthy Dogs and Assessment of Plasma Antidiuretic Hormone Concentration in Dogs With Congestive Heart Failure","volume":"74","author":"Scollan","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17304","article-title":"Orally Administered Prednisolone Decreases Plasma Arginine Vasopressin and Serum Copeptin Concentrations in Healthy Dogs","volume":"39","author":"Paulin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12067","article-title":"Intravenous Administration of Desmopressin Acetate to Reverse Acetylsalicylic Acid-Induced Coagulopathy in Three Dogs","volume":"23","author":"Di Mauro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (San Antonio, Tex.)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0028","first-page":"639","article-title":"New Insights on Diagnosis and Treatment of AVP Deficiency","volume":"25","author":"Refardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Review of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0232","article-title":"Changes in Plasma Copeptin, the c-Terminal Portion of Arginine Vasopressin During Water Deprivation and Excess in Healthy Subjects","volume":"92","author":"Szinnai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2499","article-title":"Correlation of Plasma Copeptin and Vasopressin Concentrations in Hypo-, Iso-, and Hyperosmolar States","volume":"96","author":"Balanescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89505-9","article-title":"Validity of Different Copeptin Assays in the Differential Diagnosis of the Polyuria-Polydipsia Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Sailer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01891","article-title":"Release and Decay Kinetics of Copeptin vs AVP in Response to Osmotic Alterations in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"103","author":"Fenske","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2004.01.007","article-title":"Pulsatile Secretion Pattern of Vasopressin Under Basal Conditions, After Water Deprivation, and During Osmotic Stimulation in Dogs","volume":"27","author":"van Vonderen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Domestic Animal Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-67-6-1186","article-title":"Arginine Stimulates Growth Hormone Secretion by Suppressing Endogenous Somatostatin Secretion","volume":"67","author":"Alba-Roth","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-008-0105-7","article-title":"Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children","volume":"11","author":"Richmond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0036","first-page":"3990","article-title":"Consensus Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency in Childhood and Adolescence: Summary Statement of the GH Research Society. GH Research Society","volume":"85","author":"Growth Hormone Research Society","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/972617","article-title":"Diagnosing Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults","volume":"2012","author":"Glynn","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1994.1014","article-title":"Role of Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Renin and Vasopressin Secretion","volume":"15","author":"Reid","year":"1994","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/305325a0","article-title":"Modulation of Stress-Induced ACTH Release by Corticotropin-Releasing Factor, Catecholamines and Vasopressin","volume":"305","author":"Rivier","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/299355a0","article-title":"Corticotropin Releasing Activity of the New CRF Is Potentiated Several Times by Vasopressin","volume":"299","author":"Gillies","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026022004013991100_jvim70219-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.141689","article-title":"Circadian Secretion Pattern of Copeptin, the C-Terminal Vasopressin Precursor Fragment","volume":"56","author":"Darzy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/39\/5\/jvim70219\/66987573\/jvim70219.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/39\/5\/jvim70219\/66987573\/jvim70219.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T09:01:54Z","timestamp":1771578114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1111\/jvim.70219\/8470966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.70219","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jvim70219"}}