{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T10:01:10Z","timestamp":1771581670326,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":171,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely used in human medicine for evaluating lower urinary tract diseases; however, its application in veterinary medicine remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare MRI with computed tomography (CT) in visualizing urethral and bladder wall layers and to assess the feasibility and diagnostic utility of MRI for evaluating lower urinary tract anatomy and pathology in dogs. It was hypothesized that the T2-weighted (T2W) sequence would provide the most distinct visualization of urethral layers, while the contrast-enhanced T1-weighted (post-T1W) sequence would best delineate bladder wall layers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five healthy dogs and six dogs with suspected uroepithelial tumors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Magnetic resonance imaging sequences (T2W, pre-T1W, and post-T1W) and contrast-enhanced CT (post-CT) were performed. Images were evaluated for urethral and bladder wall layer distinction, urethral conspicuity, image quality, and characteristics of lower urinary tract tumors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T2W sequence clearly delineated urethral wall layers and differentiated the urethral mucosal layer from the lumen using urine as a natural contrast. Post-T1W sequence enhanced bladder wall layer visualization, improving anatomical boundary conspicuity and aiding in tumor invasion detection. In contrast, post-CT allowed rapid imaging with minimal motion artifacts but provided limited soft-tissue detail.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated superior efficacy in evaluating anatomic structures and lesions of the lower urinary tract, particularly in assessing tissue invasion. Combining T2W and post-T1W sequences optimized diagnostic accuracy, making MRI a valuable tool for assessing lower urinary tract pathology in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T14:11:16Z","timestamp":1758118276000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Utility of Magnetic Resonance Urethrography in Assessment of Canine Urethra"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Younjin","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonghui","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunghwa","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3613-7887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunjee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2077-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junghee","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1258-7158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihye","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022004013975000_jvim70236-bib-0001","first-page":"572","article-title":"Withrow & Macewen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology","author":"Vail","year":"2020","edition":"6th ed."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026022004013975000_jvim70236-bib-0002","article-title":"Lower Urinary Tract Neoplasia","volume":"5","author":"Griffin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026022004013975000_jvim70236-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00330.x","article-title":"Canine Bladder and Urethral Tumors: A Retrospective Study of 115 Cases (1980\u20131985)","volume":"6","author":"Norris","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026022004013975000_jvim70236-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S1078-1439(99)00006-X","article-title":"Naturally-Occurring Canine Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder: A Relevant Model of Human Invasive Bladder Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Knapp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urologic Oncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026022004013975000_jvim70236-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12483","article-title":"Survival Analysis in Dogs With Urinary Transitional Cell Carcinoma That Underwent Whole-Body Computed Tomography at Diagnosis","volume":"17","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026022004013975000_jvim70236-bib-0006","first-page":"1627","article-title":"Evaluation of Palliative Stenting for Management of Malignant Urethral Obstructions in Dogs","volume":"241","author":"Weisse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026022004013975000_jvim70236-bib-0007","first-page":"1052","article-title":"Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy in 4 Dogs With Muscle-Invasive Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Tract","volume":"26","author":"Marconato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026022004013975000_jvim70236-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091990203","article-title":"Histology of the Canine Urethra I. 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