{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:12:43Z","timestamp":1791947563533,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":171,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2022-70410-38419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2022-70410-38419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2022\u201070410\u201038419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2022\u201070410\u201038419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune system abnormalities including hypogammaglobulinemia and T-cell deficiency occur in humans with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE). It is unknown whether similar abnormalities occur in dogs with PLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate serum immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations and immune cell populations in dogs with PLE (with histologic evidence of chronic inflammatory enteropathy, intestinal lymphangiectasia (IL), or both) compared to healthy controls (HC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen dogs with PLE and 18 HC dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective study. Serum IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations were measured via ELISA in treatment-na\u00efve dogs with PLE and compared to concentrations in HC dogs. RNA gene expression of specific immune cell surface markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was measured in both groups by quantitative PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs with PLE had lower concentrations of serum IgG compared to HC dogs (4.5\u2009mg\/mL, range 0.67\u201322.4\u2009mg\/mL vs. 19\u2009mg\/mL, range 1.8\u201380.3\u2009mg\/mL; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Serum IgM concentrations were also lower in dogs with PLE versus HC (2.4\u2009mg\/mL, range 0.0009\u201353.1\u2009mg\/mL vs. 14.2\u2009mg\/mL, range 2.1\u2013172.8\u2009mg\/mL; p\u2009=\u20090.002). Expression of CD3e (0.24, range 0.003\u20131.1 vs. 0.92, range 0.41\u20133.2; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), CD5 (0.17, range 0.01\u20130.46 vs. 0.94, range 0.23\u20135; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), and CD8 (0.47, range 0.06\u20131.7 vs. 0.92, range 0.32\u20132.4; p\u2009=\u20090.007) were reduced in dogs with PLE compared to their mean absolute expression in HC dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs with PLE have quantitative reductions in immune system components, similar to humans with IL. These abnormalities in immune system components might be considered in the management and monitoring of dogs with PLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T08:51:31Z","timestamp":1758703891000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Immune System Components in Dogs With Protein-Losing Enteropathy Compared to Healthy Controls"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , East Lansing, Michigan,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyan","family":"Thelen Strong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , East Lansing, Michigan,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6486-3644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara A.","family":"Jablonski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , East Lansing, Michigan,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2026022004014590800_jvim70245-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.09.010","article-title":"Canine Protein Losing Enteropathies and Systemic Complications","volume":"51","author":"Allenspach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics of North America. 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