{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T11:11:30Z","timestamp":1770894690837,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":103,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnosing pituitary macrotumor in dogs with hypercortisolism requires advanced imaging, which is not feasible for every case. Identifying risk factors that can guide the decision to pursue imaging would be valuable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Determine clinical and physical examination findings that are associated with an increased likelihood of pituitary macrotumors in dogs with hypercortisolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 130 dogs diagnosed with hypercortisolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study to analyze medical records for data on age, sex, breed, clinical signs, physical findings, endocrine test results, imaging results, diagnosis, and treatment. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for pituitary macrotumor, defined by a pituitary height\/brain area ratio \u2265\u20090.4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Risk factors for pituitary macrotumor included diagnosis of hypercortisolism at \u2264\u200910.9\u2009years of age (odds ratio [OR], 0.718; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), French Bulldog breed (OR, 21.0; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), and presence of neurologic signs (OR, 10.9; p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Advanced pituitary imaging should be recommended in dogs with hypercortisolism \u2264\u200910.9\u2009years of age, French Bulldogs, and those presenting with neurological signs because these factors significantly increase the likelihood of pituitary macrotumor in dogs with hypercortisolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T09:38:18Z","timestamp":1758965898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk Factors for Pituitary Macrotumor in Dogs With Hypercortisolism"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Kei","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dolphin Animal Hospital Urawa Misono Clinic , Saitama,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yui","family":"Kobatake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, , Gifu,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Takashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, , Gifu,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2173-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naohito","family":"Nishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, , Gifu,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0001","first-page":"377","article-title":"Canine and Feline Endocrinology","author":"Behrend","year":"2015","edition":"4"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1520387","article-title":"Correlation Between Impairment of Glucocorticoid Feedback and the Size of the Pituitary Gland in Dogs With Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"152","author":"Kooistra","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03060.x","article-title":"Survival, Neurologic Response, and Prognostic Factors in Dogs With Pituitary Masses Treated With Radiation Therapy and Untreated Dogs","volume":"21","author":"Kent","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00123.x","article-title":"Results of Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy in 52 Dogs With Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"27","author":"Meij","year":"1998","journal-title":"Veterinary Surgery"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02747.x","article-title":"Efficacy of Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy in Treatment of Dogs With Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"19","author":"Hanson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2008.10.002","article-title":"Trilostane-Induced Inhibition of Cortisol Secretion Results in Reduced Negative Feedback at the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis","volume":"36","author":"Teshima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Domestic Animal Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0007","first-page":"1268","article-title":"One-Year Follow-Up Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain in Dogs With Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"208","author":"Bertoy","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.08.007","article-title":"Dogs With Macroadenomas Have Lower Body Temperature and Heart Rate Than Dogs With Microadenomas","volume":"227","author":"Benchekroun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985818766211","article-title":"Histopathologic Findings in Canine Pituitary Glands","volume":"55","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary Pathology"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02653.x","article-title":"Plasma Pro-Opiomelanocortin, Pro-Adrenocorticotropin Hormone, and Pituitary Adenoma Size in Dogs With Cushing's Disease","volume":"19","author":"Granger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12270","article-title":"Comparison of Two Coarse Fractionated Radiation Protocols for the Management of Canine Pituitary Macrotumor: An Observational Study of 24 Dogs","volume":"56","author":"Marcinowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12192","article-title":"Diagnosis of Spontaneous Canine Hyperadrenocorticism: 2012 ACVIM Consensus Statement (Small Animal)","volume":"27","author":"Behrend","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(01)50009-1","article-title":"Diagnosis of Canine Hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"31","author":"Behrend","year":"2001","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2019.1622819","article-title":"Neurological Abnormalities in 97 Dogs With Detectable Pituitary Masses","volume":"39","author":"Menchetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veterinary Quarterly"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12136","article-title":"Postmortem Evaluation of 435 Cases of Intracranial Neoplasia in Dogs and Relationship of Neoplasm With Breed, Age, and Body Weight","volume":"27","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02913.x","article-title":"Canine Intracranial Primary Neoplasia: 173 Cases (1986\u20132003)","volume":"20","author":"Snyder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i10","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdae145","article-title":"Clinical Integration and Application of the 2022 WHO Pituitary Tumor Classification","volume":"7","author":"Asa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology Advances"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0018","first-page":"219","article-title":"Developmental Abnormalities of the Canine Skull","volume":"27","author":"Fox","year":"1963","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-17-0131","article-title":"Loss-Of-Function Mutations in the CABLES1 Gene Are a Novel Cause of Cushing's Disease","volume":"24","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(98)90016-0","article-title":"Hyperthermia in Brain Hemorrhage","volume":"50","author":"Shibata","year":"1998","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01406331","article-title":"Vegetative Dysfunctions of the Hypothalamus","volume":"75","author":"Carmel","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.40.9.843","article-title":"Systemic Vascular Responses to Increased Intracranial Pressure","volume":"40","author":"Fitch","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026021205143494500_jvim70261-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-14-4-443","article-title":"The Medical Treatment of Cushing's Syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/39\/6\/jvim70261\/66861682\/jvim70261.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/39\/6\/jvim70261\/66861682\/jvim70261.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T10:14:45Z","timestamp":1770891285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1111\/jvim.70261\/8474780"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.70261","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jvim70261"}}