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This study compared the pharmacokinetics of midazolam after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and rectal (PR) administration. Six healthy dogs were administered 0.2\u00a0mg\/kg midazolam IV, IM, or PR in a randomized, 3\u2010way crossover design with a 3\u2010day washout between study periods. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at predetermined intervals until 480\u00a0min after administration. Plasma midazolam concentrations were measured by high\u2010pressure liquid chromatography with UV detection. Rectal administration resulted in erratic systemic availability with undetectable to low plasma concentrations. Arithmetic mean values\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD for midazolam peak plasma concentrations were 0.86\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.36\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>) and 0.20\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.06\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>), following IV and IM administration, respectively. Time to peak concentration (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) after IM administration was 7.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.4\u00a0min with a bioavailability of 50\u00a0\u00b1\u00a016%. Findings suggest that IM midazolam might be useful in treating seizures in dogs when venous access is unavailable, but higher doses may be needed to account for intermediate bioavailability. Rectal administration is likely of limited efficacy for treating seizures in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,21]],"date-time":"2012-12-21T07:27:02Z","timestamp":1356074822000},"page":"471-477","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The pharmacokinetics of midazolam after intravenous, intramuscular, and rectal administration in healthy dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Raleigh NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. R.","family":"Mu\u00f1ana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Raleigh NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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