{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T14:04:53Z","timestamp":1781013893300,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,8]],"date-time":"2013-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Approved analgesic compounds in cattle are not currently available in the United States due to the lack of validated pain assessment methods and marker residue depletion studies. In this study, we compared the pharmacokinetic parameters and effect of preemptive analgesics administered to calves subjected to dehorning with local anesthesia. Holstein steers were randomly assigned to receive one of the following treatments<jats:italic>per os<\/jats:italic>(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PO<\/jats:styled-content>) or intravenously (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content>) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08\/group): meloxicam (1\u00a0mg\/kg<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PO<\/jats:styled-content>), gabapentin (15\u00a0mg\/kg<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PO<\/jats:styled-content>), meloxicam (1\u00a0mg\/kg), and gabapentin (15\u00a0mg\/kg)<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PO<\/jats:styled-content>, flunixin (2.2\u00a0mg\/kg<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content>), or a placebo. Plasma drug, haptoglobin, substance P (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SP<\/jats:styled-content>) concentrations, serum cortisol concentrations, ocular thermography, mechanical nociceptive threshold (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MNT<\/jats:styled-content>), and average daily gain (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADG<\/jats:styled-content>) were evaluated. Data were analyzed using mixed\u2010effects models and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Meloxicam, gabapentin, and meloxicam with gabapentin at the present doses did not reduce cortisol concentrations. Analgesic\u2010treated calves had significantly lower plasma<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SP<\/jats:styled-content>concentrations and improved<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADG<\/jats:styled-content>compared with controls. Flunixin calves had reduced circulating cortisol compared with controls. Meloxicam\u2010treated calves showed an increase in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MNT<\/jats:styled-content>at two horn bud sites compared with the other treatments. Analgesics improved<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADG<\/jats:styled-content>and reduced biomarkers of pain, but effects differed by compound and route of administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,8]],"date-time":"2013-03-08T13:32:07Z","timestamp":1362749527000},"page":"550-561","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["The pharmacokinetics and effects of meloxicam, gabapentin, and flunixin in postweaning dairy calves following dehorning with local anesthesia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"H. 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