{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:36:48Z","timestamp":1762101408371,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,26]],"date-time":"2013-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Equine Health Program Resident Project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objectives of this study were to examine the pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in the horse following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and intra\u2010articular (IA) administration. Six mares received 4\u00a0mg\/kg tobramycin IV, IM, and IV with concurrent IA administration (IV+IA) in a randomized 3\u2010way crossover design. A washout period of at least 7\u00a0days was allotted between experiments. After IV administration, the volume of distribution, clearance, and half\u2010life were 0.18\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.04\u00a0L\/kg, 1.18\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.32\u00a0mL\u00b7kg\/min, and 4.61\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.10\u00a0h, respectively. Concurrent IA administration could not be demonstrated to influence IV pharmacokinetics. The mean maximum plasma concentration (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) after IM administration was 18.24\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.23\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL at 1.0\u00a0h (range 1.0\u20132.0\u00a0h), with a mean bioavailability of 81.22\u00a0\u00b1\u00a044.05%. Intramuscular administration was well tolerated, despite the high volume of drug administered (50\u00a0mL per 500\u00a0kg horse). Trough concentrations at 24\u00a0h were below 2\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL in all horses after all routes of administration. Specifically, trough concentrations at 24\u00a0h were 0.04\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.01\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL for the IV route, 0.04\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.02\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL for the IV\/IA route, and 0.02\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.02 for the IM route. An additional six mares received IA administration of 240\u00a0mg tobramycin. Synovial fluid concentrations were 3056.47\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01310.89\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL at 30\u00a0min after administration, and they persisted for up to 48\u00a0h with concentrations of 14.80\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.47\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL. Tobramycin IA resulted in a mild chemical synovitis as evidenced by an increase in synovial fluid cell count and total protein, but appeared to be safe for administration. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that tobramycin would be effective against bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL for IV administration and 1\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL for IM administration based on<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>:MIC of 10.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,26]],"date-time":"2013-03-26T11:48:43Z","timestamp":1364298523000},"page":"532-541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin following intravenous, intramuscular, and intra\u2010articular administration in healthy horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"J. 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