{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T23:46:43Z","timestamp":1784764003923,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]],"date-time":"2013-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2008-35204-19238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2008-35204-19238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and effect of nalbuphine administered intravenously to calves immediately prior to surgical castration. Ten healthy calves were randomly assigned to two treatments (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05): (i) 0.9% sodium chloride (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CONT<\/jats:styled-content>) placebo, (ii) nalbuphine hydrochloride (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAL<\/jats:styled-content>) (0.4\u00a0mg\/kg). Blood samples collected over 10 h postcastration were analyzed for nalbuphine and cortisol concentrations. Additionally, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and step count was compared between groups using a random\u2010effects mixed model. Changes in behavior and attitude were assessed using a six\u2010point ordinal scoring system and compared using chi\u2010square analysis. Plasma <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAL<\/jats:styled-content> concentrations were only detectable for 3 h postadministration (T\u00bd\u00a0=\u00a00.68\u00a0h; Range: 0.53\u20130.79\u00a0h). There was no effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAL<\/jats:styled-content> treatment prior to castration on cortisol concentrations (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.99), heart rate (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.73), respiratory rate (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.59), rectal temperature (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.22), and step count (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.08) but fewer calves showed signs of head shaking, kicking, and tail flicking in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAL<\/jats:styled-content> group compared with the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CONT<\/jats:styled-content> group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.036). Therefore, we conclude that a single intravenous injection of nalbuphine at 0.4\u00a0mg\/kg reduced some pain\u2010related behaviors but did not significantly eliminate the physiological signs of distress in calves after surgical castration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]],"date-time":"2013-08-12T05:46:40Z","timestamp":1376286400000},"page":"169-177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and effect of intravenous nalbuphine in weaned <scp>H<\/scp>olstein calves after surgical castration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"J. F.","family":"Coetzee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Practices Section Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. F.","family":"Lechtenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Veterinary Services Oakland NE USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University Ames IA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"KuKanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994 (AMDUCA). U.S. Food and Drug Administration website. Available from:http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/RegulatoryInformation\/Legislation\/FederalFoodDrugandCosmeticActFDCAct\/SignificantAmendmentstotheFDCAct\/AnimalMedicinalDrugUseClarificationActAMDUCAof1994\/default.htm. (accessed 27 May 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/80.6.814"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.6.751"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1992.tb00983.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"375","article-title":"The behavioral assessment and alleviation of pain associated with castration in beef calves treated with flunixin meglumine and caudal lidocaine epidural anesthesia with epinephrine","volume":"50","author":"Currah J.M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"DEA. (2012). Drug Scheduling. \u00a7 1308.12 Schedule II. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. 21 CFR Ch. II (4\u20131\u201312 Edition). Available athttp:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-2012-title21-vol9\/pdf\/CFR-2012-title21-vol9-sec1308-12.pdf. 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