{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T12:53:56Z","timestamp":1758632036539,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]],"date-time":"2014-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRIN"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the effects of nonselective muscarinic antagonist (atropine) and of selective muscarinic subtype 1 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), 2 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), 3 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) antagonists (VU0255035, methoctramine, pFHHSiD, respectively) on the contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EFS<\/jats:styled-content>) or by exogenous<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>h in isolated horse bronchial muscle. Atropine completely inhibited neurogenic contractions in a concentration\u2010dependent fashion, whereas selective muscarinic antagonists induced relevant modifications only at the highest concentration tested. Experiments with selective muscarinic antagonists in combination showed that only the simultaneous blockade of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>or<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>receptors was able to induce a nearly complete suppression of contractions. The contractions induced by exogenous<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>h were competitively antagonized only by atropine (p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a09.01\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.05).<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>selective antagonist, up to 10<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\u00a0<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>, caused a moderate concentration\u2010dependent rightward shift of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AC<\/jats:styled-content>h curve (p<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a07.96\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.10). These data show that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>muscarinic receptors possess a central role in mediating cholinergic contraction of horse bronchi, while<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>receptors seem to have a cooperative role. Selective muscarinic antagonists seem unlikely to be useful against bronchoconstriction associated with airway diseases in horses. Conversely, compounds with selectivity for both<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>receptors could be as effective as traditional anticholinergics and induce fewer cardiac side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]],"date-time":"2014-03-07T11:36:38Z","timestamp":1394192198000},"page":"325-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pharmacological characterization of muscarinic receptors in the contractions of isolated bronchi in the horse"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Menozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Medico\u2010Veterinarie Universit\u00e0 di Parma Parma 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