{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T15:52:38Z","timestamp":1779378758649,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,26]],"date-time":"2014-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences at Texas A&M University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In certain situations, an alternate route for parenteral drug administration in horses may be useful. The intra\u2010osseous (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IO<\/jats:styled-content>) route may provide a safe alternative to the intravenous (i.v.) route for administration of sedatives to horses when the i.v. route is inaccessible or undesirable. Six adult horses were administered xylazine i.v. or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IO<\/jats:styled-content> in a block\u2010randomized crossover design. For the i.v. trial, both jugular veins were catheterized, and one was used for xylazine administration, while the other was used for blood collection. For the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IO<\/jats:styled-content> trial, one jugular vein was catheterized for blood collection and an intra\u2010osseous device was placed in the tuber coxae using a powered driver for xylazine administration. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and head position were measured, and concentration of sedation was assessed at various times up to 90\u00a0min. Xylazine concentrations were measured using high\u2010performance liquid chromatography and noncompartmental analysis was performed. General linear mixed modeling and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">W<\/jats:styled-content>ilcoxon signed\u2010rank tests were used for statistical analysis, with <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\u2264<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05. There were no significant differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, head position, concentration of sedation, <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, half\u2010life, or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<\/jats:styled-content> between the i.v. and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IO<\/jats:styled-content> routes of drug administration. No complications were observed following placement of the intra\u2010osseous device. Intra\u2010osseous xylazine administration provides a useful option in emergent and other settings in which i.v. access is difficult or contraindicated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,26]],"date-time":"2014-07-26T08:14:57Z","timestamp":1406362497000},"page":"565-570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of xylazine administered by the intravenous or intra\u2010osseous route in adult horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Santonastaso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Science Virginia\u2010Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Blacksburg VA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&amp;M University College Station TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&amp;M University College Station TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Fajt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&amp;M University College Station TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2008.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2009.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"603","article-title":"Emergency medicine: intraosseous infusion for emergency vascular access","volume":"146","author":"Brillman J.C.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X11000057"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200006000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1992.tb01007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1981.tb00715.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1993.tb01034.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.8.1445"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.6.544"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V38N2p121","article-title":"An observational, prospective study to determine the ease of vascular access in adults using a novel intraosseous access device","volume":"38","author":"Ong M.E.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181b16f42"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.5.706"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2007.03.024"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvp.12136","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvp.12136","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvp.12136","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T12:01:52Z","timestamp":1696161712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jvp.12136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,26]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jvp.12136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvp.12136","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7783","1365-2885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7783","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,26]]}}}