{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:50:29Z","timestamp":1775742629404,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,15]],"date-time":"2015-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002715","name":"Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002715","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Saskatchewan Agri-Food Innovation Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tulathromycin is approved for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle and swine. It is intended for long\u2010acting, single\u2010dose injection therapy (<jats:italic>Draxxin<\/jats:italic>), making it particularly desirable for use in bison due to the difficulty in handling and ease of creating stress in these animals. The pharmacokinetic properties of tulathromycin in bison were investigated. Ten wood bison received a single 2.5\u00a0mg\/kg subcutaneous injection of <jats:italic>Draxxin<\/jats:italic>. Serum concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>) detection. Tulathromycin demonstrated early maximal serum concentrations, extensive distribution, and slow elimination characteristics. The mean maximum serum concentration (C<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) was 195\u00a0ng\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content> at 1.04\u00a0h (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) postinjection. The mean area under the serum concentration\u2013time curve, extrapolated to infinity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>0\u2013inf<\/jats:sub>), was 9341\u00a0ng\u00b7h\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>. The mean apparent volume of distribution (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>) and clearance (Cls\/<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>) was 111\u00a0L\/kg and 0.4\u00a0L\/h\/kg, respectively, and the mean half\u2010life (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>) was 214\u00a0h (8.9\u00a0days). Compared to values for cattle, <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>0\u2013inf<\/jats:sub> were lower in bison, while the <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\/<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> was larger and the t<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub> longer. Tissue distribution and clinical efficacy studies in bison are needed to confirm the purported extensive distribution of tulathromycin into lung tissue and to determine whether a 2.5\u00a0mg\/kg subcutaneous dosage is adequate for bison.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]],"date-time":"2015-03-16T05:16:47Z","timestamp":1426483007000},"page":"471-474","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin after subcutaneous injection in North American bison (<i>Bison bison<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Bachtold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Nutrition University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Alcorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Nutrition University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Matus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Veterinary Drug Residues (CVDR) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Saskatoon SK Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Boison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Veterinary Drug Residues (CVDR) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Saskatoon SK Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Woodbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","unstructured":"APVMA(2007)Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. Public Release Summary: Draxxin injectable solution APVMA Product Number 59304. Available athttp:\/\/archive.apvma.gov.au\/registration\/assessment\/docs\/prs_draxxin.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2004.00586.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000321"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","unstructured":"EMEA(2004)European Medicines Agency Veterinary Medicines and Inspections. Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products: Tulathromycin summary report (2). EMEA\/MRL\/894\/04\u2010Final. Available athttp:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/Maximum_Residue_Limits_-_Report\/2009\/11\/WC500015754.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tulathromycin: an overview of a new triamilide antibiotic for livestock respiratory disease","volume":"6","author":"Evans N.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Therapeutics: Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0351624"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(12)60032-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200528"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of tulathromycin, a novel triamilide antimicrobial, against bovine respiratory disease in feeder calves","volume":"6","author":"Kilgore W.R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Therapeutics: Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_1","unstructured":"NBA(2013)National Bison Association. Bison breakthrough in 2013. Available athttp:\/\/www.bisoncentral.com\/about-bison\/current-status"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199704000-00027"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and lung tissue concentrations of tulathromycin, a new triamilide antibiotic, in cattle","volume":"5","author":"Nowakowski M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Therapeutics: Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_14_1","unstructured":"Pfizer Inc(2005)Draxxin injectable solution (tulathromycin): Freedom of information summary: Original new animal drug application NADA 141\u2010244. Available athttp:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/AnimalVeterinary\/Products\/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts\/FOIADrugSummaries\/UCM196106.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2006.12.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20103\u2010642\u201010324\u20107_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_17_1","unstructured":"Woodbury M.(2012)Mycoplasma infection in bison. Available athttp:\/\/bisoncentre.com\/index.php\/producers-2\/resource-library\/advanced-bisoninformation\/diseases-of-bison-\/600-mycoplasma"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200161040-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_20_1","unstructured":"Zoetis Canada(2014)Draxxin label. 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