{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:50:29Z","timestamp":1775742629386,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,16]],"date-time":"2015-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002715","name":"Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002715","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory tract infections are common in farmed North American white\u2010tailed deer (<jats:italic>Odocoileus virginianus<\/jats:italic>). Tulathromycin is approved for use in cattle but not deer but is often employed to treat deer. The pharmacokinetic properties and lung and muscle concentrations of tulathromycin in white\u2010tailed deer were investigated. Tulathromycin was administered to 10 deer, and then, serum, lung, and muscle tulathromycin concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>). The mean maximal serum tulathromycin concentration in deer was 359\u00a0ng\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content> at 1.3\u00a0h postinjection. The mean area under the serum concentration\u2013time curve, apparent volume of distribution, apparent clearance, and half\u2010life was 4883\u00a0ng\u00b7h\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>, 208\u00a0L\/kg, 0.5\u00a0L\/h\/kg, and 281\u00a0h (11.7\u00a0days), respectively. The maximal tulathromycin concentration in lung and muscle homogenate from a single animal was 4657\u00a0ng\/g (14\u00a0days) and 2264\u00a0ng\/g (7\u00a0days), respectively. The minimum concentrations in lung and muscle were 39.4\u00a0ng\/g (56\u00a0days) and 9.1\u00a0ng\/g (56\u00a0days), respectively. Based on similarity in maximal serum concentrations between deer and cattle and high lung concentrations in deer, we suggest the recommended cattle dosage is effective in deer. Tissue concentrations persisted for 56\u00a0days, suggesting a need for longer withdrawal times in deer than cattle. Further tissue distribution and depletion studies are necessary to understand tulathromycin persistence in deer tissue; clinical efficacy studies are needed to confirm the appropriate dosage regimen in deer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,16]],"date-time":"2015-12-16T06:06:24Z","timestamp":1450245984000},"page":"292-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and lung and muscle concentrations of tulathromycin following subcutaneous administration in white\u2010tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"K. A.","family":"Bachtold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Bachtold, Alcorn) College of Pharmacy and Nutrition University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Alcorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Bachtold, Alcorn) College of Pharmacy and Nutrition University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. O.","family":"Boison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Veterinary Drug Residues (CVDR) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Saskatoon SK Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. L.","family":"Matus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Veterinary Drug Residues (CVDR) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Saskatoon SK Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. R.","family":"Woodbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"Alberta Whitetail and Mule Deer Association.Deer farming 101. Available from:www.albertadeer.com\/DeerFarming101.php(accessed 13 July 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority.Public Release Summary: Draxxin injectable solution APVMA Product Number 59304. (2007) Available from:http:\/\/apvma.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/publication\/14156-prs-draxxin.pdf(accessed 13 July 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and lung tissue concentrations of tulathromycin in swine","volume":"27","author":"Benchaoui H.A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.2.366"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency Veterinary Medicines and Inspections.Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products: Tulathromycin summary report (2). EMEA\/MRL\/894\/04\u2010Final 2004. Available from:http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/Maximum_Residue_Limits_-Report\/2009\/11\/WC500015754.pdf(accessed 13 July 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tulathromycin: an overview of a new triamilide antibiotic for livestock respiratory disease","volume":"6","author":"Evans N.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Veterinary Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0351624"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"507","article-title":"A cross\u2010sectional\u00a0study of the causes of morbidity and mortality in farmed white\u2010tailed deer","volume":"46","author":"Haigh J.C.","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"Health Canada.Proposal to amend the list of maximum residue limits (MRLs) for veterinary drugs in foods \u2013 Proposed MRL 2013\u20101. Available from:http:\/\/www.hc-sc.gc.ca\/dhp-mps\/vet\/mrl-lmr\/2013-1-prop-eng.php(accessed 13 July 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(12)60032-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of tulathromycin, a novel triamilide antimicrobial, against bovine respiratory disease in feeder calves","volume":"6","author":"Kilgore W.R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Veterinary Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199704000-00027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"North American Deer Farmers Association.Why deer farming?Available from:www.nadefa.org\/why-deer-farming(accessed 13 July 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and lung tissue concentrations of tulathromycin, a new triamilide antibiotic in cattle","volume":"5","author":"Nowakowski M.A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Veterinary Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"Pfizer Inc.Draxxin injectable solution (tulathromycin): Freedom of information summary: Original new animal drug application NADA 141\u2010244. 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