{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:13:01Z","timestamp":1770898381393,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,27]],"date-time":"2016-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland"},{"name":"Fundamental Research Fund for the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016247","name":"Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["W5\/S\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W5\/S\/2010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016247","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Whereas interspecies variation in pharmacokinetics is a commonly investigated issue, variations in drug kinetics within a species are less documented. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of age\u2010related changes in haemodynamics on the pharmacokinetics of metronidazole (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTZ<\/jats:styled-content>) and its hydroxy metabolite (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTZ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>) in turkeys.<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTZ<\/jats:styled-content>was administered intravenously and orally at a dose of 25\u00a0mg\/kg. Plasma drug and metabolite concentrations were assessed by high\u2010performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis. Haemodynamic parameters (heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output) were assessed by echocardiography and extraction ratio for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTZ<\/jats:styled-content>was calculated based on total body clearance (Cl<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>). Between the 5th and 15th week of age, Cl<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTZ<\/jats:styled-content>decreased from 3.6 to 1.2\u00a0mL\/min\/kg causing a twofold increase in the mean residence time (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRT<\/jats:styled-content>) and elimination half\u2010life (T<jats:sub>1\/2el<\/jats:sub>). The<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTZ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OH<\/jats:styled-content>production decreased threefold and its<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRT<\/jats:styled-content>and T<jats:sub>1\/2el<\/jats:sub>increased. Although heart rate significantly decreased with age, cardiac output increased. Extraction ratio was low in all age groups. It is concluded that significant age\u2010dependent decrease in Cl<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTZ<\/jats:styled-content>in turkeys resulted from decreased perfusion of the clearing organs and their reduced metabolic capacity. This phenomenon is probably species specific and may apply to other therapeutic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,27]],"date-time":"2016-01-27T06:06:42Z","timestamp":1453874802000},"page":"373-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Metronidazole pharmacokinetics during rapid growth in turkeys \u2013 relation to changes in haemodynamics and drug metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"\u015awita\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroc\u0142aw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Po\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroc\u0142aw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Pas\u0142awska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroc\u0142aw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Grabowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polpharma Biologics Gda\u0144sk Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Motykiewicz\u2010Pers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroc\u0142aw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Bobrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroc\u0142aw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl224"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"Anonymous(2000)Committee for veterinary medicinal products. 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