{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:39:14Z","timestamp":1789105154514,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The pharmacokinetics of afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime (A3 and A4 forms) in dogs were evaluated following the oral administration of<jats:sc>NexGard Spectra<\/jats:sc><jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>(Merial), a fixed combination chewable formulation of these two active pharmaceutical ingredients. Absorption of actives was rapid at levels that provide the minimum effective doses of 2.5\u00a0mg\/kg and 0.5\u00a0mg\/kg of afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime, respectively. The time to maximum afoxolaner plasma concentrations (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) was 2\u20134\u00a0h. The milbemycin<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>was 1\u20132\u00a0h. The terminal plasma half\u2010life (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>) and the oral bioavailability were 14\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03\u00a0days and 88.3% for afoxolaner, 1.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.4\u00a0days and 80.5% for milbemycin oxime A3 and 3.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.4\u00a0days and 65.1% for milbemycin oxime A4. The volume of distribution (V<jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>) and systemic clearance (Cls) were determined following an<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content>dose of afoxolaner or milbemycin oxime. The V<jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>was 2.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.6, 2.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.4 and 2.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.6\u00a0L\/kg for afoxolaner, milbemycin oxime A3 and milbemycin oxime A4, respectively. The Cls was 5.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.2, 75\u00a0\u00b1\u00a022 and 41\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012\u00a0mL\/h\/kg for afoxolaner, milbemycin oxime A3 and milbemycin oxime A4, respectively. The pharmacokinetic profile for the combination of afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime supports the rapid onset and a sustained efficacy for afoxolaner against ectoparasites and the known endoparasitic activity of milbemycin oxime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]],"date-time":"2016-09-08T04:26:58Z","timestamp":1473308818000},"page":"35-43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime when used as a combination chewable parasiticide for dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Letendre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Merial, Inc. Duluth GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Harriman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merial, Inc. Duluth GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Drag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merial, Inc. Duluth GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Mullins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merial, Inc. Duluth GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Malinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merial, Inc. Duluth GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Rehbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merial, Inc. 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