{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T14:23:02Z","timestamp":1784989382577,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,31]],"date-time":"2016-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004561","name":"Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2470 GF4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2470 GF4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007514","name":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Metamizole (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MT<\/jats:styled-content>) is an analgesic and antipyretic drug labelled for use in humans, horses, cattle, swine and dogs. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MT<\/jats:styled-content> is rapidly hydrolysed to the active primary metabolite 4\u2010methylaminoantipyrine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAA<\/jats:styled-content>). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAA<\/jats:styled-content> is formed in much larger amounts compared with other minor metabolites. Among the other secondary metabolites, 4\u2010aminoantipyrine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content>) is also relatively active. The aim of this research was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAA<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> after dose of 25\u00a0mg\/kg <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MT<\/jats:styled-content> by intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) routes in healthy horses. Six horses were randomly allocated to two equally sized treatment groups according to a 2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02 crossover study design. Blood was collected at predetermined times within 24\u00a0h, and plasma was analysed by a validated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPLC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UV<\/jats:styled-content> method. No behavioural changes or alterations in health parameters were observed in the i.v. or i.m. groups of animals during or after (up to 7\u00a0days) drug administration. Plasma concentrations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAA<\/jats:styled-content> after i.v. and i.m. administrations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MT<\/jats:styled-content> were detectable from 5\u00a0min to 10\u00a0h in all the horses. Plasma concentrations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> were detectable in the same range of time, but in smaller amounts. Maximum concentration (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>), time to maximum concentration (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUMC<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>0\u2010last<\/jats:sub> of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAA<\/jats:styled-content> were statistically different between the i.v. and i.m. groups. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<jats:sub>IM<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<jats:sub>IV<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> ratio of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAA<\/jats:styled-content> was 1.06. In contrast, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>0\u2010last<\/jats:sub> of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> was statistically different between the groups (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.05) with an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<jats:sub>IM<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AUC<jats:sub>IV<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> ratio of 0.54. This study suggested that the differences in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MAA<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AA<\/jats:styled-content> plasma concentrations found after i.m. and i.v. administrations of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MT<\/jats:styled-content> might have minor consequences on the pharmacodynamics of the drug.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T16:00:32Z","timestamp":1470153632000},"page":"165-171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Pharmacokinetic profiles of the active metamizole metabolites in healthy horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences University of Pisa Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Aupanun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering Graduate School Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.\u2010K.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Chungnam National University Daejeon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Poapolathep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Rychshanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary School Kostanay State A. 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