{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:24:33Z","timestamp":1792787073243,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]],"date-time":"2017-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine Competitive Equine Research Funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm & Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"\n Flunixin meglumine (\n FM<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) is a commonly used Nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drug (\n NSAID<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) in horses, but clinical efficacy is often unsatisfactory. Ketorolac tromethamine (\n KT<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) demonstrates superior efficacy compared to other\n NSAID<\/jats:styled-content>\n s in humans, but its anti\u2010inflammatory effects have not been investigated in the horse. Safety of repeated dosing of\n KT<\/jats:styled-content>\n has not been evaluated. The first objective was to conduct a dose determination study to verify that a previously described dosage of\n KT<\/jats:styled-content>\n would inhibit Lipopolysaccharide (\n LPS<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u2010induced eicosanoid production in vitro, and to compare\n KT<\/jats:styled-content>\n effects of this inhibition to those of\n FM<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Then, a randomized crossover study was performed using nine healthy horses to evaluate plasma concentrations of\n KT<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n FM<\/jats:styled-content>\n following\n IV<\/jats:styled-content>\n administration. Administered dosages of\n KT<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n FM<\/jats:styled-content>\n were 0.5\u00a0mg\/kg and 1.1\u00a0mg\/kg, respectively. Safety following six repeated doses of\n KT<\/jats:styled-content>\n was assessed. Ketorolac tromethamine and\n FM<\/jats:styled-content>\n suppressed\n LPS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010induced Thromboxane B\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (\n TXB<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) and Prostaglandin E\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (\n PGE<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) production in vitro for up to 12\u00a0hr. Intravenous administration produced plasma concentrations of\n KT<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n FM<\/jats:styled-content>\n similar to previous reports. No adverse effects were observed. A\n KT<\/jats:styled-content>\n dosage of 0.5\u00a0mg\/kg\n IV<\/jats:styled-content>\n inhibited\n LPS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010induced eicosanoids in vitro, and repeated dosing for up to 3\u00a0days appears safe in healthy horses. Investigation of in vivo anti\u2010inflammatory and analgesic effects of\n KT<\/jats:styled-content>\n is warranted.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,10]],"date-time":"2017-06-10T01:56:43Z","timestamp":1497059803000},"page":"98-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["In vitro anti\u2010\n LPS<\/scp>\n dose determination of ketorolac tromethamine and in vivo safety of repeated dosing in healthy horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"A. W.","family":"Bianco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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