{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:22:13Z","timestamp":1779888133913,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]],"date-time":"2017-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The goals of the current study were to evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PK<\/jats:styled-content>) interactions and the clinical efficacy occurring after the subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of ricobendazole (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBZ<\/jats:styled-content>) and levamisole (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LEV<\/jats:styled-content>) given both separately and co\u2010administered to calves naturally infected with susceptible gastrointestinal nematodes. The clinical efficacy was shown in two seasons, winter and spring, with predominance of different nematode populations. Groups of 15 calves were treated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBZ<\/jats:styled-content> alone, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LEV<\/jats:styled-content> alone and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBZ<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LEV<\/jats:styled-content> combination, and an untreated group was kept as a Control. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBZ<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LEV<\/jats:styled-content> plasma concentrations were quantified by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPLC<\/jats:styled-content>. The clinical efficacy was determined by the faecal egg count reduction test. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBZ<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LEV<\/jats:styled-content> have similar plasma persistence, being detected in plasma over 24\u00a0hr post\u2010treatment. No <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PK<\/jats:styled-content> interactions were observed after the combined treatment, with similar <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PK<\/jats:styled-content> parameters (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&gt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.05) obtained for the single\u2010drug and the combination\u2010based strategy. In winter, the observed clinical efficacies were 96%, 99% and 100% for groups treated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBZ<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> LEV<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBZ<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LEV<\/jats:styled-content>, respectively; however, in spring, the efficacies were 95%, 93% and 96% for the same groups. Remarkably, the combination was the only treatment that achieved 100% clinical efficacy against both <jats:italic>Haemonchus<\/jats:italic> spp and <jats:italic>Ostertagia<\/jats:italic> spp in winter; but the increased presence of <jats:italic>Ostertagia<\/jats:italic> spp. in spring (28% in untreated group) determined a tendency to reduced efficacies compared to winter time (only 10% of <jats:italic>Ostertagia<\/jats:italic> spp. in untreated group), even for the combined treatment. Overall, in a scenario where the nematode population is susceptible, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBZ<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LEV<\/jats:styled-content> treatment may be a valid combination in cattle to delay the development of resistance, especially in winter when this combination achieved 100% of efficacy. Thus, selection of anthelmintic resistance will never occur. In fact, this is one of the greatest challenges for the whole cattle production system: to be one step ahead of anthelmintic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,11]],"date-time":"2017-07-11T03:54:06Z","timestamp":1499745246000},"page":"83-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pharmaco\u2010parasitological evaluation of the ricobendazole plus levamisole nematodicidal combination in cattle"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9502-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Canton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) UNCPBA\u2010CICPBA\u2010CONICET  Tandil Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Ceballos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) UNCPBA\u2010CICPBA\u2010CONICET  Tandil Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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