{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:11:19Z","timestamp":1790907079566,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]],"date-time":"2018-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ceva Sante Animale"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Amoxicillin has become a major antimicrobial substance in pig medicine for the treatment and control of severe, systemic infections such as <jats:italic>Streptococcus suis<\/jats:italic>. The minimum inhibitory concentration 90% (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIC<\/jats:styled-content> 90) is 0.06\u00a0\u03bcg amoxicillin\/ml, and the proposed epidemiological cut\u2010off value (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECOFF<\/jats:styled-content>) is 0.5\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml, giving only 0.7% of isolates above the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECOFF<\/jats:styled-content> or of reduced susceptibility. Clinical breakpoints have not been set for amoxicillin against porcine pathogens yet, hence the use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECOFF<\/jats:styled-content>s. It has also been successfully used for bacterial respiratory infections caused by <jats:italic>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pasteurella multocida<\/jats:italic>. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECOFF<\/jats:styled-content> for amoxicillin against <jats:italic>A.\u00a0pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic> is also 0.5\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml demonstrating only a reduced susceptibility in 11.3% of isolates. Similarly, <jats:italic>P.\u00a0multocida<\/jats:italic> had an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECOFF<\/jats:styled-content> of 1.0\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml and a reduced susceptibility in only 2.6% of isolates. This reduced susceptibility disappears when combined with the beta\u2010lactamase inhibitor, clavulanic acid, demonstrating that it is primarily associated with beta\u2010lactamase production. In contrast, amoxicillin is active against <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> species but using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECOFF<\/jats:styled-content>s of 8.0 and 4.0\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml, respectively, reduced susceptibility can be seen in 70.9% and 67.7% of isolates. These high levels of reduced susceptibility are primarily due to beta\u2010lactamase production also, and most of this resistance can be overcome by the combination of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid. Currently, amoxicillin alone is considered an extremely valuable antimicrobial in both human and animal medicine and remains in the critically important category of antibiotics alongside the fluoroquinolones and macrolides by the World Health Organization as well as the third\u2010 and fourth\u2010generation cephalosporins, but these cephalosporins show marked resistance to basic beta\u2010lactamase production and are only destroyed by the extended\u2010spectrum beta\u2010lactamases. Amoxicillin alone and in combination with clavulanic acid are currently classed together in Category 2 in the European Union. By reviewing the pharmacodynamic data and comparing this with pharmacokinetic data from healthy and infected animals and clinical trial data, it can be seen that the product has a good efficacy against <jats:italic>S.\u00a0suis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A.\u00a0pleuropneumoniae,<\/jats:italic> in spite of usage over many years. However, it may be much less efficacious on its own against <jats:italic>E.\u00a0coli<\/jats:italic>, due to reduced susceptibility and resistance associated with beta\u2010lactamase production, which is largely overcome by the use of clavulanic acid. It is felt that this differentiation may be useful in future classification of amoxicillin alone, in comparison with its combined use with clavulanic acid and thereby preserve the use of the more critically important antibiotics in veterinary medicine and reducing the risk of their resistance being transmitted to human.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,20]],"date-time":"2018-01-20T03:52:49Z","timestamp":1516420369000},"page":"356-368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Amoxicillin\u2014current use in swine medicine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3043-8295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. G. S.","family":"Burch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Octagon Services Ltd  Windsor Berkshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Sperling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva Sante Animale  Libourne Cedex Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1998.00107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(98)90133-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1998.00136.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(98)90134-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.992"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin following oral administration in swine","volume":"20","author":"Bes N.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00252-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Burch D. G. S.(2012).Examination of the pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic (PK\/PD) relationships of orally administered antimicrobials and their correlation with the therapy of various bacterial and mycoplasmal infections in pigs. Fellowship thesis Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons London UK. p 76."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01009-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00354-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals: Approved standard","author":"Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)(2017).ECOFFinder for Excel after 2010. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/clsi.org\/education\/microbiology\/ecoffinder\/\u2010 downloaded 2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"Dufresne L.(2006).Personal experiences with Actinobacillus suis.Proceedings of the Allen D. Leman Conference Minnesota USA pp.87\u201389."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"European Commission (EC)(2014a).Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the manufacture placing on the market and use of medicated feed and repealing Council Directive 90\/167\/EEC."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"European Commission (EC)(2014b).Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on veterinary medicinal products."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","article-title":"Commission Notice \u2013 Guidelines for the prudent use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine","author":"European Commission (EC)","year":"2015","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2322"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency(2014).EMA\/381884\/2014 \u2013 Answers to the requests for scientific advice on the impact on public health and animal health of the use of antibiotics in animals."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA)(2003).Guidance for Industry # 152 \u2013 Evaluating the safety of antimicrobial new animal drugs with regard to their microbiological effects on bacteria of human health concern."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA)(2012).Guidance for Industry # 209 \u2013 The Judicious use of medically important antimicrobial drugs in food\u2010producing animals."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2010.01220.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"114","article-title":"Studies on the efficacy and safety of the new cephalosporin cefquinome in sows with puerperal septicaemia and toxaemia syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Heinritzi K.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tierarztliche Praxis, Ausgabe G Grosstiere\/Nutztiere"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.4.648"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"112","article-title":"Efficiency and economy of metaphylaxis with a single dose injection of tulathromycin in weaned piglets of an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae problem herd","volume":"66","author":"Kanzenbach S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tieraerztliche Umschau"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","unstructured":"Krejci R. Malasek J. &Lopez A. (2013).Clinical efficiency of Vetrimoxin\u00ae LA in the control of early mortality in suckling pigs. InProceedings of the 6th Asian Pig Veterinary Society Congress Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam p.P08."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","unstructured":"Marion H. &Siegwart E.(2015).Quotient Bio Analytical Sciences Final Analytical Report \u2013MIC determination of the VetPath III collection of veterinary bacterial pathogens from Europe."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","volume-title":"Compendium of data sheets for animal medicines 2016","author":"National Office of Animal Health (NOAH)","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.111.005769"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","unstructured":"Nienhoff H.(1998).Efficacy of a long\u2010acting preparation of ceftiofur for pneumonia in pigs evaluated by pulse oximetry and Bronchoalveolar lavage. Thesis Tieraertztliche Hochschule Hannover Germany."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"OIE\/World Organisation for Animal Health(2006).List of critical antimicrobials of veterinary importance. 74th International Committee Meeting May 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","unstructured":"Oliveira S.(2006).Actinobacillus suis: an update on genotyping and antibiotic susceptibility.Proceedings of the Allen D. Leman Conference Minnesota USA pp.93\u201395."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","unstructured":"Palmer G. H. &Bywater R. J.(1978).Amoxycillin \u2013 antibacterial activity pharmacokinetics and distribution in the pig. InProceedings of the 5th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress Zagreb Yugoslavia pp. K.B. 55."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine","author":"Prescott J. F.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.2.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf072398p"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","unstructured":"Richez P. de Bruin M. W. N. Burren X. &van Nes A.(2012).Dose regimen determination based on PK\/PD and clinical evaluations for an amoxicillin (Cofamox 15 LA) given intramuscularly in pigs to control Streptococcus suis infections. InProceedings of the 17th International Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Noordwijkerhout The Netherlands pp.114\u2013115."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","unstructured":"Richez P. Keck N. &Burren X.(2012).Streptococcus suis: Bactericidal profile of amoxicillin susceptibility and resistance in porcine clinical strains. InProceedings of the 17th International Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Noordwijkerhout The Netherlands pp.188\u2013189."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2002.00604.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0931-1793.2003.00703.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Pig Diseases","author":"Taylor D.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","first-page":"654","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and tolerance of marbofloxacin ten per cent solution and amoxicillin in the treatment of mastitis, metritis and agalactiae (MMA) in sows","volume":"81","author":"Thomas E.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Praktische Tierarzt"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"A comparative field study of the efficacy of cefquinome and amoxycillin against acute meningitis of weaned piglets","volume":"50","author":"Thomas E.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pig Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","volume-title":"Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2001.00427.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvp.12482","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvp.12482","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T20:25:44Z","timestamp":1695500744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jvp.12482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jvp.12482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvp.12482","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7783","1365-2885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7783","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]]}}}