{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:45:43Z","timestamp":1788291943760,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,18]],"date-time":"2018-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006759","name":"California Department of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006759","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acepromazine is a tranquilizer used commonly in equine medicine. This study describes serum and urine concentrations and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of acepromazine following intravenous, oral, and sublingual (SL) administration. Fifteen exercised adult Thoroughbred horses received a single intravenous, oral, and SL dose of 0.09\u00a0mg\/kg of acepromazine. Blood and urine samples were collected at time 0 and at various times for up to 72\u00a0hr and analyzed for acepromazine and its two major metabolites (2\u2010(1\u2010hydroxyethyl) promazine and 2\u2010(1\u2010hydroxyethyl) promazine sulfoxide) using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. Acepromazine was also incubated in vitro with whole equine blood and serum concentrations of the parent drug and metabolites determined. Acepromazine was quantitated for 24\u00a0hr following intravenous administration and 72\u00a0hr following oral and SL administration. Results of in vitro incubations with whole blood suggest additional metabolism by<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBC<\/jats:styled-content>s. The mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEM<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>elimination half\u2010life was 5.16\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.450, 8.58\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.23, and 6.70\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.62\u00a0hr following intravenous, oral, and SL administration, respectively. No adverse effects were noted and horses appeared sedate as noted by a decrease in chin\u2010to\u2010ground distance within 5 (i.v.) or 15 (p.o. and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SL<\/jats:styled-content>) minutes postadministration. The duration of sedation lasted 2\u00a0hr. Changes in heart rate were minimal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,19]],"date-time":"2018-02-19T04:35:22Z","timestamp":1519014922000},"page":"522-535","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and metabolism of acepromazine following intravenous, oral, and sublingual administration to exercised Thoroughbred horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8676-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. K.","family":"Knych","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"K.L. Maddy Analytical Chemistry Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis Davis CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Seminoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.L. Maddy Analytical Chemistry Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. S.","family":"McKemie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.L. Maddy Analytical Chemistry Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. H.","family":"Kass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and oral transmucosal administration in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Abbo L. 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