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It can be treated with antifungal drugs, such as voriconazole. However, the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole are variable between different animal and bird species. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole were investigated in this study in Magellanic penguins. Pharmacokinetic models were constructed and applied to predict the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole during long\u2010term treatment in Magellanic penguins, since the voriconazole treatment duration in chronic aspergillosis cases can last up to several months. Plasma voriconazole concentration\u2013time data from adult Magellanic penguins (<jats:italic>Spheniscus magellanicus; n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a015) following a single oral (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PO<\/jats:styled-content>) dose of either 2.5\u00a0mg\/kg or 5\u00a0mg\/kg in a herring in three separate study periods 7\u201312\u00a0months apart were collected. Mean plasma voriconazole concentrations were above the targeted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIC<\/jats:styled-content> for <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic> for 2\u00a0hr following a single 2.5\u00a0mg\/kg voriconazole dose while the plasma concentrations exceeded the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIC<\/jats:styled-content> for least 24\u00a0hr following a 5\u00a0mg\/kg dose. Nonlinear mixed\u2010effects modeling was used to fit two pharmacokinetic models, one with first\u2010order and another with saturable elimination, to the single\u2010dose data. Fits were good for both, as long as dose was included as a covariate for the first\u2010order model so that clearance was lower and the half\u2010life longer for animals receiving the 5\u00a0mg\/kg dose. Although the single\u2010dose data suggested saturated elimination at higher concentrations, the model with saturable elimination did not predict plasma voriconazole concentrations well for a clinical aspergillosis case receiving long\u2010term treatment, possibly because of induction of metabolizing enzymes with chronic exposure. Pharmacokinetic models should accurately predict plasma drug concentrations for different dosage regimens in order to be applicable in the field. Future studies should focus on determining clearance at steady\u2010state to be able to refine the pharmacokinetic models presented here and improve model performance for long\u2010term oral voriconazole administration in Magellanic penguins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T04:49:15Z","timestamp":1535950155000},"page":"74-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Application of different pharmacokinetic models to describe and predict pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in magellanic penguins following oral administration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Ruth A.","family":"Parsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian G.","family":"Mutlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco Zoo  San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Hansted","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco Zoo  San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5873-0565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Femke J.","family":"Taverne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pharmacotherapeutics and Pharmacy Group Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1823-7420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Tell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1329-201X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronette","family":"Gehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Pharmacotherapeutics and Pharmacy Group Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2002)046[0497:ACOAIA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evw041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.10.3165-3169.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2018.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802262115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/2007-003.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine","author":"Cranfield M. 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