{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T00:20:18Z","timestamp":1775262018211,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"KSU Clinical Science Dean\u2019s Funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm & Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Penicillin is administered intravenously (\n IV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) or intramuscularly (\n IM<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) to horses for the prevention and treatment of infections, and both routes have disadvantages. To minimize these shortcomings, a 24\u2010hr hybrid administration protocol (\n HPP<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) was developed. Our objective was to determine penicillin plasma concentrations in horses administered via\n HPP<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Venous blood was collected from seven healthy horses administered\n IV<\/jats:styled-content>\n potassium penicillin G at 0 and 6\u00a0hr and\n IM<\/jats:styled-content>\n procaine penicillin G at 12\u00a0hr. Blood was collected at 2\u2010hr intervals from 0 to 20\u00a0hr and at 24\u00a0hr. Plasma penicillin concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Penicillin susceptibility from equine isolates was examined to determine pharmacodynamic targets. The\n MIC<\/jats:styled-content>\n 90<\/jats:sub>\n of penicillin for 264 isolates of\n Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n sp. was \u22640.06\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml. For the 24\u2010hr dosing interval, the mean plasma penicillin concentration was >0.07\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml. Five horses (72%) exceeded 0.06\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml for 98% of the dosing interval, and two horses exceeded this value for 52%\u201365% of the dosing interval. The\n HPP<\/jats:styled-content>\n achieved mean plasma penicillin concentrations in healthy adult horses above 0.07\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml for a 24\u2010hr dosing interval. However, individual variations in plasma concentrations were apparent and deserve future clinical study.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]],"date-time":"2018-11-02T01:17:55Z","timestamp":1541121475000},"page":"239-242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of plasma concentration after intravenous and intramuscular penicillin administration over 24 hr in healthy adult horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jarrod T.","family":"Younkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6864-4302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Santschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Butch","family":"Kukanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology Institute of Comparative Computational Medicine Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian V.","family":"Lubbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology Institute of Comparative Computational Medicine Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07480.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516284"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1996.tb00080.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.2003.00483.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02969.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1986.47.11.2380","article-title":"Effect of the injection site of the pharmacokinetics of procaine penicillin G in horses","volume":"47","author":"Firth E. C.","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2011000300008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01432-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01700.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2007.00851.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","first-page":"1070","article-title":"Aqueous procaine penicillin G in the horse: Serum, synovial, peritoneal, and urine concentrations after single\u2010dose intramuscular administration","volume":"67","author":"Stover S. M.","year":"1981","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1984.45.05.1003","article-title":"Serum concentration of penicillin in the horse after repeated intramuscular injections of procaine penicillin G alone or in combination with benzathine penicillin and\/or phenylbutazone","volume":"45","author":"Sullins K. E.","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvp.12730","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvp.12730","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T23:06:07Z","timestamp":1775257567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jvp.12730"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jvp.12730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvp.12730","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7783","1365-2885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7783","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-04-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}