{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:52:17Z","timestamp":1773327137813,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,4]],"date-time":"2018-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007703","name":"North Carolina State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drug that possesses potent analgesic activity comparable to morphine. The opioid shortage in the United States has led to an unreliable supply of opioids for use in rehabilitation facilities, thus underscoring the need for research on the safe and effective use of nonopioid alternatives. The goal of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of ketorolac after a single 0.25\u00a0mg\/kg intramuscular injection administered to injured Eastern box turtles (<jats:italic>Terrapene carolina carolina<\/jats:italic>). A sparse blood sampling protocol was used to collect samples from 32 wild turtles that presented to the Turtle Rescue Team at North Carolina State University for traumatic injuries. Blood was collected from 0 to 24\u00a0hr after injection and analyzed via high\u2010pressure liquid chromatography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPLC<\/jats:styled-content>). A nonlinear mixed\u2010effects (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NLME<\/jats:styled-content>) model was fitted to the data to obtain typical values for population parameters. Using this approach, we identified a long half\u2010life (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>) of 9.78\u00a0hr and a volume of distribution (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ss<\/jats:sub>) of 0.26\u00a0L\/kg. We have concluded that this long <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub> for a dose of 0.25\u00a0mg\/kg ketorolac\u2010injected <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IM<\/jats:styled-content> provides plasma levels above a previously published target level for 24\u2010hour analgesia to allow for once daily dosing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T04:13:40Z","timestamp":1541391220000},"page":"154-159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of ketorolac in wild Eastern box turtles (<i>Terrapene carolina carolina<\/i>) after single intramuscular administration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7567-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Cerreta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris A.","family":"Masterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Lewbart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Delta R.","family":"Dise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7591-7898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark G.","family":"Papich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651-26.3-4.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12500"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31821f23ef"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2014.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/88.2.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199716050-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of ketorolac as a postoperative analgesic in injured wild turtles","volume":"29","author":"Henson H. L.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.353"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00561376"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"Clinical management of a severe skull fracture in a loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)","volume":"32","author":"Lewbart G. A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-9194(17)30048-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2007.02.003"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"557","article-title":"A comparison of ketorolac with flunixin, butorphanol and oxymorphone in controlling post\u2010operative pain in dogs","volume":"37","author":"Mathews K. A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1987.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1999.00225.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2017.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-9194(03)00053-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.547"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.11.1266"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2011-0154.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2012.02.012"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"775","article-title":"Pain and analgesia in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish","volume":"35","author":"Stoskopf M. K.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12460"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"740","article-title":"The drug shortage crisis in the United States: Causes, impact, and management strategies","volume":"36","author":"Ventola C. L.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacy and Therapeutics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvp.12733","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvp.12733","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T21:21:18Z","timestamp":1694726478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jvp.12733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,4]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jvp.12733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvp.12733","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7783","1365-2885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7783","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-08-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}