{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T09:39:32Z","timestamp":1783762772336,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to define the pharmacokinetic profiles of dexmedetomidine and methadone administered simultaneously in dogs by either an oral transmucosal route or intramuscular route and to determine the bioavailability of the oral transmucosal administration relative to the intramuscular one of both drugs, so as the applicability of this administration route in dogs. Twelve client\u2010owned dogs, scheduled for diagnostic procedures, were treated with a combination of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (10\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg) and methadone hydrochloride (0.4\u00a0mg\/kg) through an oral transmucosal route or intramuscularly. Oral transmucosal administration caused ptyalism in most subjects, and intramuscular administration caused transient peripheral vasoconstriction. The results showed reduced and delayed absorption of both dexmedetomidine and methadone when administered through an oral transmucosal route, with median (range) <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> values of 0.82 (0.42\u20131.49)\u00a0ng\/ml and 13.22 (2.80\u201352.30)\u00a0ng\/ml, respectively. The relative bioavailability was low: 16.34% (dexmedetomidine) and 15.5% (methadone). Intramuscular administration resulted in a more efficient absorption profile, with AUC and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> values for both drugs approximately 10 times higher. Dexmedetomidine and methadone administered simultaneously by an oral transmucosal route using injectable formulations were not well absorbed through the oral mucosa. Nevertheless, additional studies on these drugs combination using alternative administration routes are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T07:13:07Z","timestamp":1560496387000},"page":"392-400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Clinical pharmacokinetics of a dexmedetomidine\u2013methadone combination in dogs undergoing routine anaesthesia after buccal or intramuscular administration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Di Cesare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Gioeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliano","family":"Ravasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UnireLab S.r.L Settimo Milanese, Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Lucatello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata ed Alimentazione Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova Legnaro (PD) Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Bisutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata ed Alimentazione Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova Legnaro (PD) Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6232-4850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Cagnardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and oral transmucosal administration in dogs","volume":"9","author":"Abbo L. 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