{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T04:00:14Z","timestamp":1772769614883,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study determined the pharmacokinetics and compared the clinical effects of xylazine and dexmedetomidine in horses recovering from isoflurane anesthesia. Six healthy horses aged 8.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03\u00a0years and weighing 462\u00a0\u00b1\u00a050\u00a0kg were anesthetized with isoflurane for 2\u00a0hr under standard conditions on two occasions one\u2010week apart. In recovery, horses received 200\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg xylazine or 0.875\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg dexmedetomidine intravenously and were allowed to recover without assistance. These doses were selected because they have been used for postanesthetic sedation in clinical and research studies. Serial venous blood samples were collected for quantification of xylazine and dexmedetomidine, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Two individuals blinded to treatment identity evaluated recovery quality with a visual analog scale. Times to stand were recorded. Results (mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0<jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>) were compared using paired<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>tests or Wilcoxon signed\u2010ranked test with<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05 considered significant. Elimination half\u2010lives (62.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a021.8 and 30.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08\u00a0min for xylazine and dexmedetomidine, respectively) and steady\u2010state volumes of distribution (215\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0123 and 744\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0403\u00a0ml\/kg) were significantly different between xylazine and dexmedetomidine, whereas clearances (21.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a017.3 and 48.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a028.1\u00a0ml\/minute\/kg), times to stand (47\u00a0\u00b1\u00a024 and 53\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012\u00a0min) and recovery quality (51\u00a0\u00b1\u00a024 and 61\u00a0\u00b1\u00a022\u00a0mm VAS) were not significantly different. When used for postanesthetic sedation following isoflurane anesthesia in healthy horses, dexmedetomidine displays faster plasma kinetics but is not associated with faster recoveries compared to xylazine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T04:44:39Z","timestamp":1584074679000},"page":"369-376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of xylazine and dexmedetomidine in horses recovering from isoflurane anesthesia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7980-9018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alonso","family":"Guedes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8676-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Knych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K. 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Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline F.","family":"Baldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Wendt\u2010Hornickle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Allweiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"404","volume-title":"Some common problems in medical research","author":"Altman D. 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