{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:55:08Z","timestamp":1790315708587,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intravenous (i.v.) bolus administration of xylazine (XYL) (0.5\u00a0mg\/kg) immediately followed by a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of 1\u00a0mg\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0hr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> for 2, 4, and 6\u00a0hr produced immediate sedation, which lasted throughout the duration of the CRI. Heart rate decreased and blood pressure increased significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a0.05) in all horses during the first 15\u00a0min of infusion, both returned to and then remained at baseline during the duration of the infusion. Compartmental models were used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of XYL administration. Plasma concentration\u2013time curves following bolus and CRI were best described by a one\u2010compartment model. No differences were found between pharmacokinetic estimates of the CRIs for the fractional elimination rate constant (<jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>e<\/jats:sub>), half\u2010life (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1\/2e<\/jats:sub>), volume of distribution (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>), and clearance (Cl). Median and range were 0.42 (0.15\u20130.97)\/hr, 1.68 (0.87\u20134.52)\u00a0hr, 5.85 (2.10\u201319.34)\u00a0L\/kg, and 28.7 (19.6\u201339.5)\u00a0ml\u00a0min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, respectively. Significant differences were seen for area under the curve (\n\n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jvp12873-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:01407783:media:jvp12873:jvp12873-math-0001\"\/>) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.0002) and maximum concentration (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.04). This indicates that with increasing duration of infusion, XYL may not accumulate in a clinically relevant way and hence no adjustments are required in a longer XYL CRI to maintain a constant level of sedation and a rapid recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T05:56:40Z","timestamp":1589867800000},"page":"557-564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of xylazine after 2\u2010, 4\u2010, and 6\u2010hr durations of continuous rate infusions in horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0329-3083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Hopster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6791-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence R.","family":"Soma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology &amp; Research Center West Chester University West Chester PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Hopster\u2010Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Sciences Faculty of Life Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond C.","family":"Boston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Driessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.85.19.512"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80118-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1981.tb00715.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13928"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00611.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Red blood cells: A neglected compartment in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics","volume":"49","author":"Hinderling P. H.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacological Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Effect of xylazine on heart rate and arterial blood pressure in conscious dogs, as influenced by atropine, 4\u2010aminopyridine, doxapram, and yohimbine","volume":"186","author":"Hsu W. H.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1976.56.1.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1993.tb00182.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5276.803"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-2326-5.00010-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20120605"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00653.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00784.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Comparitive pharmacokinetics: principles, techniques, and applications","author":"Riviere J. E.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"80","article-title":"Ketemine levels in plasma and red blood cell after intravenous intravenous administration in dogs","volume":"37","author":"Roncada P.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Metabolism Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-007-0105-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00266.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12136"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Distribution of alpha 2\u2010adrenergic receptor subtype gene expression in rat brain","volume":"21","author":"Scheinin M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199101000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojvm.2013.32022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2003.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2004.00602.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Investigating biological systems using modeling: Strategies and software","author":"Wastney M. E.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2016.05.008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvp.12873","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvp.12873","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvp.12873","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvp.12873","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T18:34:01Z","timestamp":1693852441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jvp.12873"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jvp.12873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvp.12873","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7783","1365-2885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7783","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-07-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}