{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:39:22Z","timestamp":1774690762649,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001250","name":"Morris Animal Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alpacas residing in the region endemic for<jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>spp. are susceptible to serious, disseminated coccidioidomycosis that may result in death. There is currently no oral antifungal dose recommendation for this species. We used a steady\u2010state study design to assess the pharmacokinetics of oral generic fluconazole in alpacas dosed q 24\u00a0h for 14\u00a0days. Cohorts of 2\u20133 animals received fluconazole from 6 to 15\u00a0mg\/kg\/day, and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed after each group of animals in order to make dose adjustments for the next group. The final three animals were used as confirmation of our dose recommendation. The median<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>was 7\u00a0h, and the median<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>was 1.25\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml per mg\/kg dose. The mean dose\u2010normalized 24\u2010h AUC was 41.7\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0h\/ml per mg\/kg dose (CV\u00a0=\u00a072%). Based on these results, we recommend alpacas receive a starting dose of oral fluconazole at 10\u201315\u00a0mg\/kg\/day based on the fluconazole AUC in humans (313\u2013625\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0h\/ml). Testing to ascertain putative therapeutic plasma concentrations and monitoring of serum transaminases should be performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T12:13:41Z","timestamp":1624536821000},"page":"99-106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A preliminary study of the plasma concentrations of orally administered fluconazole in alpacas (<i>Vicugna pacos<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5019-7567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine D.","family":"Butkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Valley Fever Center for Excellence University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa F.","family":"Shubitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Valley Fever Center for Excellence University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Nix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00705\u201008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/504492"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.Supplement_1.S161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.Supplement_3.S318"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13088"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118675014.ch32"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102885.2008.01030.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463\u20105224.2009.00747.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9902700616"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199733010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199324010-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2013.10.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"559","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis","volume":"117","author":"Drutz D. 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