{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T19:25:58Z","timestamp":1762543558863,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004396","name":"Thailand Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005621","name":"Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clarithromycin (CLA) is a new \u03b2\u2010lactamase\u2010resistant macrolide antibiotic with potent activity against gram\u2010positive and some gram\u2010negative bacteria. To the authors\u2019 best knowledge, limited pharmacokinetic information to establish suitable therapeutic plans is available for freshwater crocodiles. To assess the prudent use of antibiotic in reptiles, this study was conducted to explore the pharmacokinetic characteristics of CLA in the freshwater crocodile, <jats:italic>Crocodylus siamensis<\/jats:italic>, following either single intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administration at a dosage of 2.5\u00a0mg\/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 168\u00a0h. CLA plasma samples were cleaned up using liquid\u2013liquid extraction, and analysed by a validated liquid chromatography tandem\u2013mass spectrometry (LC\u2010MS\/MS). CLA was quantifiable from 5\u00a0min to 72\u00a0h after i.v. administration, whereas it was detectable for 168 after i.m. administration at an identical dose rate. A non\u2010compartmental model was used to fit the plasma concentration of CLA versus time curve for each crocodile. The t<jats:sub>1\/2\u03bbz<\/jats:sub> value, similar for both routes (20\u00a0h), indicated that the overall rate of elimination of CLA in crocodiles is relatively slow. The average i.m. F% was complete. The protein plasma bound was found to be about 30%. CLA is a time\u2010dependent antibiotic, and the T\u00a0&gt;\u00a0MIC is the best PK\/PD predictor for its efficacy. The CLA dosage of 2.5\u00a0mg\/kg appeared to produce an appropriate value of the PK\u2010PD surrogate that predicts antibacterial success for disease caused by susceptible bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T16:53:43Z","timestamp":1638291223000},"page":"147-152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pharmacokinetic profiles of clarithromycin in freshwater crocodiles (<i>Crocodylus siamensis<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5249-903X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saranya","family":"Poapolathep","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3657-4703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences University of Pisa San Piero a Grado Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narumol","family":"Klangkaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kraisiri","family":"Khidkhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narongsak","family":"Chaiyabutr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn, University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Wongwaipairoj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wongveerakit Crocodile Farm Kanjanaburi Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amnart","family":"Poapolathep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2471\u20102698.1000110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.11.2454"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195\u20106701(91)90217\u2010V"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.10.4580\u20104586.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/03\u2010002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2008\u20100041.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090\u20103558\u201027.2.296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/BIP\u2010100101013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22297928.2016.1181005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"231","volume-title":"American hospital formulary service drug information","author":"McEvoy G. 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