{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:39:17Z","timestamp":1774690757500,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study objective was to determine the disposition of gamithromycin in plasma, peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells in alpacas. A single subcutaneous injection of gamithromycin (6.6\u00a0mg\/kg) was administered to six healthy adult alpacas. At various time points after administration, gamithromycin concentrations were analyzed via LC\u2010MS\/MS in plasma, PMNs, PELF, and BAL cells until Day 14 post\u2010injection. Plasma gamithromycin concentrations were measured in all six alpacas; the remaining three body compartments were analyzed in four alpacas. Gamithromycin rapidly concentrated in blood PMNs, BAL cells, and PELF. Shorter<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, and lower<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max,<\/jats:sub>and AUC were observed in plasma than in the other three compartments.<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>was highest in BAL cells (26001.80\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012400.00\u00a0ng\/ml) and PMNs (2573.00\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0963.30\u00a0ng\/ml) compared to PELF (660.80\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0413.70\u00a0ng\/ml) and plasma (452.30\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0196.20\u00a0ng\/ml). Mean terminal half\u2010lives were 72.60\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.10\u00a0h in plasma, 56.60\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010.60\u00a0h in PELF, 62.80\u00a0\u00b1\u00a085.30\u00a0h in PMNs, and 93.60\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0124.80\u00a0h in BAL cells. No injection site reactions occurred. One alpaca developed colic but no other adverse reactions were noted. Overall, gamithromycin was highly concentrated in white blood cells and pulmonary fluids\/cells. Clinical utilization of gamithromycin in alpacas should be done with caution until further investigation of potential for colic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T10:24:00Z","timestamp":1645007040000},"page":"283-290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Plasma pharmacokinetics, pulmonary disposition, and safety of subcutaneous gamithromycin in alpacas"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5159-8423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Gordon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Cebra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4561-057X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadette V.","family":"Stang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7169-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Mark","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6194-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sultan. M.","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thanh","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Merial Limited New Brunswick New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Merial Limited New Brunswick New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Nosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism Merial Limited New Brunswick New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"Comparisons of metaphylactic treatments of Zactran (gamithromycin) vs. excede (ceftiofur crystalline free acid) in high risk, stocker calves","volume":"12","author":"Amrine D.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c6776"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2011.01292.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"161","volume-title":"South American camelids research, volume 1. 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