{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T13:45:26Z","timestamp":1782654326947,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]],"date-time":"2022-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T35OD029981"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T35OD029981"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to improve butorphanol dosing in dogs. Twelve Beagles (6 males, 6 females) were enrolled. Six were randomly allocated to each butorphanol treatment: IV (0.4\u00a0mg\/kg), IV loading dose (0.2\u00a0mg\/kg) with IV CRI (0.2\u00a0mg\/kg\/h for 8\u00a0h), SC (0.4\u00a0mg\/kg), SC (0.8\u00a0mg\/kg) with an equal volume sodium bicarbonate (SC\u2010bicarbonate), and IV after CYP inhibitors. We hypothesized that the CRI would produce longer durations than IV bolus, and SC\u2010bicarbonate suspension would produce longer durations than SC. Hypothermia, an opioid effect paralleling antinociception in dogs, and sedation were evaluated. Pharmacokinetics and CYP inhibitor effects on butorphanol pharmacokinetics were determined. Rectal temperatures were significantly lower than baseline from 1.5\u20134\u00a0h (IV), 1\u20135\u00a0h (CRI), and 2\u20137\u00a0h (SC\u2010bicarbonate), but not after SC. Dogs in all treatments had sedation. Butorphanol's half\u2010life was ~1.5\u00a0h. SC\u2010bicarbonate had lower bioavailability (61%) relative to SC, with no sustained release, and the CRI mean steady\u2010state plasma concentration was 43.1\u00a0ng\/ml. CYP inhibitors had minor pharmacokinetic effects on butorphanol. Butorphanol 0.4\u00a0mg\/kg IV and 0.2\u00a0mg\/kg loading dose with 0.2\u00a0mg\/kg\/h CRI decreased rectal temperature, but 0.4\u00a0mg\/kg SC did not. Further studies are required to determine clinical analgesia of butorphanol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T05:09:12Z","timestamp":1664255352000},"page":"516-529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Dosing protocols to increase the efficacy of butorphanol in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Dariyan","family":"Springfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine Manhattan Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Butch","family":"KuKanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine Manhattan Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mackenzie","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine Manhattan Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0215-3284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"KuKanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine Manhattan Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poyu","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine Manhattan Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"1253","article-title":"Butorphanol\u2010mediated antinociception in mice: Partial agonist effects and Mu receptor involvement","volume":"282","author":"Garner H. 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