{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:17:34Z","timestamp":1778681854677,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015042","name":"R\u012bgas Stradi\u0146a Universit\u0101te","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Levofloxacin veterinary formulations are available in Argentina, China and India for the use in dogs, cattle, pig and sheep, but not currently in the rabbit. Only the extra\u2010label use in rabbits is possible. Levofloxacin is not labelled for veterinary use in the EU or the USA. The activity of levofloxacin against rabbit pathogens <jats:italic>Pasteurella multocida<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P.\u2009multocida<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E.\u2009coli<\/jats:italic>) was evaluated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined in broth and serum for 10 <jats:italic>P.\u2009multocida<\/jats:italic> isolates and 5 <jats:italic>E.\u2009coli<\/jats:italic> isolates from rabbits. One isolate of each bacterial species was used for the time\u2010killing curve study in vitro and ex vivo. In vitro AUC<jats:sub>24<\/jats:sub>\/MIC ratios were used for building the inhibitory pharmacodynamic <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> model. The <jats:italic>P.\u2009multocida<\/jats:italic> MIC were 0.008\u20130.5\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, MBC \u2013 0.015\u20130.5\u2009\u03bcg\/mL. <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> MIC was 0.008\u20130.03\u2009\u03bcg\/mL and MBC \u2013 0.03\u20130.25\u2009\u03bcg\/mL. Bacterial counts were reduced to the limit of detection after 24\u2009h with levofloxacin concentrations of 2 MIC and higher. All serum samples from rabbits treated with levofloxacin eliminated the bacteria within 24\u2009h. AUC<jats:sub>24<\/jats:sub>\/MIC ratios for bacteriostatic, bactericidal and bacterial elimination effects for <jats:italic>P.\u2009multocida<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E.\u2009coli<\/jats:italic> isolates were 21, 29 and 75\u2009h and 27, 32 and 60\u2009h, respectively. Proposed daily doses against <jats:italic>P.\u2009multocida<\/jats:italic> (MIC\u2009=\u20090.015\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) and <jats:italic>E.\u2009coli<\/jats:italic> (MIC\u2009=\u20090.03\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) isolates were calculated as \u22640.91 and \u22641.43\u2009mg\/kg, respectively. Fluoroquinolones are categorized by WHO as \u2018highest priority critically important antimicrobials\u2019. Considering the increasing importance of antimicrobial stewardship, antimicrobials from a lower importance category that are active against the isolate of interest should be used in preference to fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquinolone use in veterinary medicine should be based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing in order to mitigate the risk to public health and prevent the spread of bacterial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T08:23:37Z","timestamp":1681547017000},"page":"332-343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In vitro and ex vivo antibacterial activity of levofloxacin against <i>Pasteurella multocida<\/i> and <i>Escherichia coli<\/i> isolated from rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus<\/i>) \u2013 A preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9529-8799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrejs","family":"Sitovs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Riga Stradins University  Riga Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4044-8750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingus","family":"Skadins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Microbiology Riga Stradins University  Riga Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4934-3106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santa","family":"Purvina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Riga Stradins University  Riga Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9144-8799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dace","family":"Bandere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Riga Stradins University  Riga Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102885.2009.01110.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269\u2010022\u201000826\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/510079"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"Anses. 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