{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T17:10:52Z","timestamp":1773076252998,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Toltrazuril (TZR) is currently the only registered chemotherapeutic drug in the European Union for the treatment of <jats:italic>Cystoisospora suis<\/jats:italic>. This study investigated the comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue concentration\u2010time profiles of TZR and its active metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone (TZR\u2010SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), after oral (per os, p.o.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration to suckling piglets. Following a single administration of TZR orally at 50\u2009mg\/piglet or intramuscularly at 45\u2009mg\/piglet, higher concentrations of TZR and TZR\u2010SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> were observed in all three investigated tissues after p.o. administration. The mean TZR concentration in serum peaked at 14\u2009\u03bcg\/mL (34.03\u2009h) and 5.36\u2009\u03bcg\/mL (120\u2009h), while TZR\u2010SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> peaked at 14.12\u2009\u03bcg\/mL (246\u2009h) and 9.92\u2009\u03bcg\/mL (330\u2009h) after p.o. and i.m. administration, respectively. TZR was undetectable in the liver after p.o. administration (18\u2009days) and in the jejunum (24\u2009days) after i.m. injection, while TZR\u2010SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was still detectable in all three tissues after 36\u2009days regardless of administration routes. This study showed that p.o. formulation exhibited faster absorption and higher serum\/tissue TZR\/TZR\u2010SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentrations than i.m. formulation. Both formulations generated sufficient therapeutic concentrations in the serum and jejunum, and sustained enough time to protect against <jats:italic>Cystoisospora suis<\/jats:italic> infection in the piglets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T22:22:41Z","timestamp":1692397361000},"page":"36-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone, in suckling piglets following oral and intramuscular administrations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Ta\u2010Wei","family":"Yeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine National Chiayi University  Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tirawat","family":"Rairat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries Kasetsart University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8954-6151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao\u2010Ming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine National Chiayi University  Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching\u2010Fen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine National Chiayi University  Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Szu\u2010Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine National Chiayi University  Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4622-2552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi\u2010Chung","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine National Chung Hsing University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hung\u2010Chih","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine National Chiayi University  Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"184","article-title":"An observational study on the prevalence and impact of Isospora suis in suckling piglets in southwestern Ontario, and risk factors for shedding oocysts","volume":"52","author":"Aliaga\u2010Leyton A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"EMA European Medicine Agency. 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