{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:49:51Z","timestamp":1790394591672,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to assess antinociception and correlation of antinociception and hypothermic effects after intravenous opioids in dogs. Nine healthy male Beagles were enrolled in the study. They were acclimated to a thermal nociceptive device, then received three IV treatments (saline, butorphanol 0.4\u2009mg\/kg and methadone 0.5\u2009mg\/kg) in a randomized complete block design. Rectal temperature and thermal withdrawals were assessed prior to and 0.5\u20136\u2009h after drug administration. One dog was excluded due to lack of withdrawal to thermal stimuli. Rectal temperatures were not significantly different between treatments at time 0, but significantly decreased from 0.5 to 5\u2009h for both opioids compared to saline. Withdrawals were significantly decreased, compared to saline, from 0.5 to 4\u2009h for butorphanol and 0.5\u20135\u2009h for methadone. A significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.0005) and moderate (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.43) correlation between antinociception and hypothermia occurred. Based on these data, intravenous butorphanol (0.4\u2009mg\/kg) and methadone (0.5\u2009mg\/kg) provided 4 and 5\u2009h of antinociception, respectively. Opioid hypothermia can serve as an easy, noninvasive and humane manner for preclinical assessment of opioid antinociception in dogs prior to evaluation in clinical trials. This is a major refinement in animal welfare for assessing novel opioids, opioid doses and dose intervals in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T13:05:03Z","timestamp":1699275903000},"page":"73-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Correlation of opioid antinociception and hypothermia in dogs\u2014An animal welfare refinement"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4037-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Butch","family":"KuKanich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University  Manhattan Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0215-3284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"KuKanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University  Manhattan Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid D. Carcamo","family":"Tzic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University  Manhattan Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elayna E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University  Manhattan Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.28.040188.002241"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.22.01.0014"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"1253","article-title":"Butorphanol\u2010mediated antinociception in mice: Partial agonist effects and mu receptor involvement","volume":"282","author":"Garner H. 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