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This study compared the clinical effectiveness of procaine, with and without epinephrine, against lidocaine in pain alleviation during thermocautery disbudding in xylazine\u2010sedated calves. The efficacy of local blocks was assessed through needle pricks, and the behavioral reactions to disbudding were scored. Post\u2010disbudding pain was subjectively evaluated, and pressure pain threshold and tactile sensitivity around the horn bud were assessed at intervals. Blood was collected at intervals for plasma cortisol analysis. No significant differences were found between the groups in the needle prick test (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.329) and the disbudding score (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.855). Pain scores and quantitative sensory tests showed no significant differences between the lidocaine and procaine\u2010epinephrine groups. Conversely, tactile sensitivity and pain scores were significantly higher, and pressure pain thresholds were significantly lower with procaine alone than in other groups. Elevated cortisol concentrations were observed in all groups before disbudding compared to the baselines. The results suggest that procaine combined with epinephrine appears to be a safe and effective alternative to lidocaine for calf disbudding. Cortisol concentrations as an indicator of pain in xylazine\u2010sedated calves appear inadequate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T10:26:48Z","timestamp":1732703208000},"page":"170-179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficacy of Procaine, With and Without Epinephrine, Compared to Lidocaine in Local Anesthesia for Calves Before Thermocautery Disbudding"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2473-5912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdy","family":"Adam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Beni\u2010Suef University  Beni Suef Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6517-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annemari","family":"Jokela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4975-5060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kati","family":"Salla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8143-2664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riikka","family":"Aho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2653-003X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marja","family":"Raekallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5118-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"H\u00e4nninen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2011-4596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann\u2010Helena","family":"Hokkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18337"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023\u201023237"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60260-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201086313\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13607"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2016.1196626"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2344\/0003-3006-59.2.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","volume-title":"The Veterinary Formulary","author":"Bishop Y.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Veterinary Anaesthesia","author":"Clarke K. 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