{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:30:23Z","timestamp":1784291423032,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chloramphenicol is a broad\u2010spectrum antibiotic used in equine practice. It is known to produce adverse effects of hyporexia\/anorexia after oral administration. Administration per rectum (PR) could mitigate the appetite suppression seen with oral administration and allow its use in horses unable to receive oral medications. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relative bioavailability of chloramphenicol administered PR or via nasogastric tube (NGT) and determine relevant pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic parameters and metabolic ratios. Ten healthy, adult horses were administered chloramphenicol tablets (50\u2009mg\/kg) PR or via NGT in a randomized crossover design with a washout period. Blood samples were collected at predetermined times over 24\u2009h, and plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol and its inactive metabolite chloramphenicol glucuronide were analyzed using a validated UPLC\u2010MS\/MS assay. Chloramphenicol tablets dissolved in water were rapidly metabolized to chloramphenicol glucuronide following both routes. Maximum concentrations for PR and NGT administration were (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>; \u03bcg\/mL) 0.119\u2009\u00b1\u20090.135 and 11.7\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8, respectively. Administration PR resulted in a relative bioavailability of 0.56%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.86%. The metabolic ratio of chloramphenicol glucuronide to chloramphenicol was 20.2\u2009\u00b1\u20096.19 for PR and 5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.88 for NGT. Administration of chloramphenicol PR does not reach therapeutic concentrations nor prevent significant metabolism of chloramphenicol. After administration by NGT, plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol exceeded 2\u2009\u03bcg\/mL for 3.93\u2009\u00b1\u20090.44\u2009h.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T10:19:47Z","timestamp":1748254787000},"page":"397-404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of Chloramphenicol and Chloramphenicol Glucuronide in Horses Following Administration Per Rectum or via Nasogastric Intubation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1068-935X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Sayler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences  Stillwater Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Manship","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences  Stillwater Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology Virginia \u2010Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine  Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology Oklahoma State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Stillwater Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Gilliam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Oklahoma State University Center for Veterinary Health Sciences  Stillwater Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924\u20108579(02)00022\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13312"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20100691.2006.01617.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Antibiotics Tested by NARMS","author":"CDC","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Pharmaceutical Drugs","author":"Centre international de recherche sur le cancer","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20102836(67)90249\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2020.105446"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516\u201089132007000100007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/095777308X338893"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.251.1.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00026-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114293"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470750186.ch8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Oong G. C.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751\u20100813.1991.tb09826.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12777"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102210"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12093"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"216","article-title":"A Pharmacological Study of Chloramphenicol in Horses","volume":"39","author":"Sisodia C. S.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12697"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"Weese J. S.2024.\u201cNew CLSI Breakpoints for Veterinary Medicine: How to Interpret Results While Labs Are Updating Their Protocols Part 2: Staph Enterobacterales and Fluoroquinolones in Dogs. Worms & Germs Blog.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.wormsandgermsblog.com\/2024\/01\/articles\/animals\/dogs\/new\u2010clsi\u2010breakpoints\u2010for\u2010veterinary\u2010medicine\u2010how\u2010to\u2010interpret\u2010results\u2010while\u2010labs\u2010are\u2010updating\u2010their\u2010protocols\u2010part\u20102\u2010fluoroquinolones\u2010for\u2010staph\u2010and\u2010enterobacterales\u2010in\u2010dogs\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","volume-title":"Chloramphenicol: The Good, the Bad, and the \u2018Beware.\u2019 Worms & Germs Blog","author":"Weese S.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","volume-title":"WHO'S List of Medically Important Antimicrobials: A Risk Management Tool for Mitigating Antimicrobial Resistance due to Non\u2010Human Use","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvp.13520","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T09:33:56Z","timestamp":1757324036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jvp.13520"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jvp.13520"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvp.13520","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7783","1365-2885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7783","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}