{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:12:50Z","timestamp":1787065970363,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Anthelmintic resistance is a major welfare issue in goats, and the efficacy of anthelmintic drugs lies in judicious use. Recently, an injectable combination (levamisole\u2013doramectin) product labeled for cattle became available. This study's goal was to compare the levamisole pharmacokinetic parameters of this new combination drug to a commercially available oral levamisole formulation in goats. Six adult goats received a 9\u2009mg\/kg dose subcutaneously of the combination product. Blood samples were collected at 14 time points over 48\u2009h. After a 14\u2010day washout period, the same goats were given 12\u2009mg\/kg of oral levamisole and sampled following the same time points. Levamisole concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography. A non\u2010compartmental analysis was used to generate pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters for both formulations. After one subcutaneous (SC) injection, the maximum plasma concentration (\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), time to\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), area under the curve (AUC), and elimination half\u2010life (\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were 468.57\u2009\u00b1\u2009151.12\u2009ng\/mL, 2.24\u2009\u00b1\u20091.58\u2009h, 3206.42\u2009\u00b1\u20091189.73\u2009h\u2009ng\/mL, and 2.36\u2009\u00b1\u20092.07\u2009h, respectively. After a single oral administration,\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    , AUC, and\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                    were 573.21\u2009\u00b1\u2009149.01\u2009ng\/mL, 0.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.41\u2009h, 2995.47\u2009\u00b1\u20092203.93\u2009h\u2009ng\/mL, and 3.74\u2009\u00b1\u20092.19\u2009h, respectively. Fecal samples taken before and after subcutaneous administration had an average egg count reduction of 61.97% (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0625). The relative bioavailability of the SC injection was 185%. Considering bioavailability and egg count reduction, the combination product may be considered for parasite management; however, a field trial is needed to determine its efficacy and other pharmacodynamic parameters.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.70013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T12:39:03Z","timestamp":1753101543000},"page":"505-513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Pharmacokinetics and Pilot Efficacy of Levamisole Administered by Subcutaneous Injection of a Combination Product in Domestic Goats (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Capra aegagrus hircus<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Grace","family":"Malla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4288-2262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meggan","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Ebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Lincoln Memorial University  Harrogate Tennessee USA"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine Texas Tech University  Amarillo Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Branham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gilliard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Cutchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Rahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine Texas Tech University  Amarillo Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Ursini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Klostermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessy","family":"Shanks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Herbert College of Agriculture University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5184-900X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherry","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee  Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.251.10.1166"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1980.176.10.1159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12438"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304\u20104017(92)90141\u2010u"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12763"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2016.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1998.36084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02881.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2023.j717"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Current Situation and Future Prospects of the US Goat Industry","volume":"6","author":"Hart S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Professional Agricultural Workers Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1043454217713453"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.12.1913"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103146"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13402"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12897"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-4555-5.00077-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-6604-8_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1992.70113627x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-070202858-8.50012-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","volume-title":"Package Insert","author":"Prohibit","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2019\u20100242"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2021\u20100145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"PubChem. n.d.\u201cPubChem Compound Summary for CID 26879 Levamisole.\u201dhttps:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Levamisole."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470959916"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12856"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001\u2010706x(94)90065\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30975-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Diagnostic Procedures in Veterinary Parasitology","author":"Wyrosdick H. M.","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvp.70013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T11:32:18Z","timestamp":1762774338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jvp.70013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jvp.70013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvp.70013","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7783","1365-2885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7783","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}