{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T14:00:45Z","timestamp":1778680845700,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Captive\u2010reared kiwi (\n                    <jats:italic>Apteryx<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) chicks commonly suffer from coccidiosis, a parasitic disease that can cause morbidity and mortality in young immune\u2010naive birds. Disease is currently managed in captivity through a combination of preventative husbandry practices and therapeutic treatment with the coccidiocide toltrazuril, for which no safety or pharmacokinetic data is available for kiwi. In this study we attempted to determine the pharmacokinetics of synthetic triazine anticoccidials, toltrazuril and diclazuril, in healthy three\u2010to\u2010four\u2010week\u2010old North Island brown kiwi (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Apteryx mantelli<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      )\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    chicks. Birds were given a single oral dose of toltrazuril (25 mg\/kg.bw;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096) or diclazuril (5 mg\/kg.bw;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u20096), and closely monitored for adverse reactions. Serial blood samples were analysed via liquid chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS) to determine the pharmacokinetics of both drugs, including the active metabolite of toltrazuril, toltrazuril sulphone. Pharmacokinetics were ascertained for both drugs in kiwi chicks. The mean (standard deviation) C\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    of diclazuril in plasma was 539.48\u2009\u00b1\u2009169.63\u2009ng\/mL with a T\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 11.33\u2009\u00b1\u20091.63 h, while the C\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    for toltrazuril was 5622.16\u2009\u00b1\u20091997.52\u2009ng\/mL with a T\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 11.33\u2009\u00b1\u20091.63 h and C\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    of toltrazuril sulphone 3623.01\u2009\u00b1\u20091085.71\u2009ng\/mL with a T\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 96\u2009\u00b1\u200926.29\u2009h. Mild changes to some biochemical parameters were observed, most notably elevations in uric acid in some toltrazuril\u2010treated birds; however no remarkable clinical changes were observed in any chicks dosed with the drugs trialled.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.70038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T06:25:26Z","timestamp":1765434326000},"page":"198-212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of Some Synthetic Triazine Anticoccidials in Apparently Healthy North Island Brown Kiwi (\n                    <i>Apteryx mantelli<\/i>\n                    ) Chicks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2090-8657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Scheltema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Sciences Massey University  Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2323-3336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Sciences Massey University  Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2594-2008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laryssa","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Sciences Massey University  Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcia","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pink Stethoscope Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia  Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antony","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Sciences Massey University  Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1332-0359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerri","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildbase, Massey University  Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S004393391100033X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/zjps.1993.187359"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102885.2008.01036.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007\u20101935(95)80010\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740221203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01668180"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470690567"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02652578"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20102952(93)90626\u20108"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Causes of Mortality in North Island Brown Kiwis at Auckland Zoo 1960\u20131994","volume":"2","author":"Boardman W.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Kokako"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090\u20103558\u201025.2.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"Burns T. 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