{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T15:11:14Z","timestamp":1778944274360,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009207","name":"Agrifutures Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0000102436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0000102436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009207","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp;amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Altrenogest is a synthetic progestogen widely used in equine reproductive management. Adverse effects to altrenogest have been reported in people with cutaneous exposure reported as the highest exposure pathway. Despite these reports, there has been no quantitative research to determine the capacity for altrenogest to be absorbed through skin. This study aimed to determine if cutaneous application of oral altrenogest results in systemic absorption in mares and to evaluate the influence of application site. A randomized, two\u2010period, two\u2010treatment crossover study was undertaken in eight mares. Mares received a topical application of oral altrenogest (0.044\u2009mg\/kg) onto clipped skin on either the neck or back for five consecutive days, with blood sampling immediately before and 1\u2009h after each treatment. Following the final dose, blood samples were taken at 0.08, 0.16, 0.3, 0.5, 0.66, 0.83, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48\u2009h. After a 3\u2010week washout period mares underwent treatment on the alternative site, sampling at the same intervals. Plasma samples were analysed for altrenogest using LC\u2013MS\/MS and pharmacokinetic variables were estimated using noncompartmental analysis. Altrenogest was detectable in plasma following application at both sites. Peak plasma concentrations (C\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were significantly higher following neck application (1.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7\u2009ng\/mL) compared to the back (0.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3\u2009ng\/mL;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002). Concentrations remained quantifiable throughout the 48\u2010h post\u2010treatment period. As altrenogest is absorbed through equine skin of varying thickness, there is a need for cautious use and handling, especially given that human skin is thinner than equine skin.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.70040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T08:17:54Z","timestamp":1772957874000},"page":"274-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of Topical Administration of Altrenogest in Mares and Implications for Human Health"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4486-5519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaymie","family":"Loy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University  Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kireesan","family":"Sornalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic and Toxicology Laboratory NSW Heath Pathology  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory Racing NSW  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Cawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racing Analytical Services Limited  Flemington Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Scrivener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University  Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Keledjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory Racing NSW  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Glenys K.","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University  Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2394\u20106040.ijcmph20250043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928\u20100987(01)00167\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019817400200407"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2018.03.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency.2004.\u201cCommittee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/mrl\u2010report\/altrenogest\u2010equidae\u2010and\u2010porcine\u2010species\u2010european\u2010public\u2010maximum\u2010residue\u2010limit\u2010assessment\u2010report\u2010epmar\u2010cvmp_en.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13332"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.35269"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58292\/ct.v10.10015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276\u2010002\u20100034\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3796"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12459"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224081"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2007.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.2024.\u201cLabel: Regumate \u2010 Altrenogest Solution.\u201dhttps:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d9d14df1\u2010ec72\u201046f1\u2010ad3b\u2010f90547088ff5."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information.2025.\u201cPubChem Compound Summary for CID 10041070 Altrenogest.\u201dhttps:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Altrenogest."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009\u20102797(02)00013\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","unstructured":"Proctor A. R.2022.\u201cThe Occupational Health Hazards of Altrenogest.\u201dMaster's thesis University of Iowa Iowa Research Online."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","volume-title":"Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics","author":"Riviere J. E.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000074057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1971.51.4.702"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378\u20105173(00)00665\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1184525"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","first-page":"674","article-title":"A Narrative Review of Occupational Scheduling That Impacts Fatigue and Recovery Relevant to Veterinarian Well\u2010Being","volume":"64","author":"Steffey M. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1972.33.12.2365"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112094"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005\u20102508"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration.2023.\u201cPotential Health Risks to People Exposed to Altrenogest Products for Horses or Pigs.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.fda.gov\/animal\u2010veterinary\/product\u2010safety\u2010information\/potential\u2010health\u2010risks\u2010people\u2010exposed\u2010altrenogest\u2010products\u2010horses\u2010or\u2010pigs#:~:text=Reproductive%20adverse%20effects%20reported%20in %2C%20diarrhea%2C%20vomiting%20and%20rashes."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","unstructured":"Volkering M. E.2009.\u201cVariation of Skin Thickness Over the Equine Body and the Correlation Between Skin Fold Measurement and Actual Skin Thickness.\u201dPhD thesis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvp.70040","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvp.70040","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvp.70040","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T14:43:55Z","timestamp":1778942635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jvp.70040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jvp.70040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvp.70040","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7783","1365-2885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7783","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}