{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:23:10Z","timestamp":1788546190219,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp;amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of betamethasone following intra\u2010articular administration to horses have been described; however, studies characterizing intramuscular administration are lacking. Twenty\u2010four horses received an intramuscular dose of 12\u2009mg betamethasone sodium phosphate\/betamethasone acetate. Blood and urine were collected at post administration for up to 408\u2009h. Concentrations of betamethasone were determined using LC\u2013MS\/MS and pharmacokinetic parameters determined using a Population PK three\u2010compartment model. The duration of pharmacodynamic effects was assessed by measuring changes in cortisol and inflammatory biomarkers utilizing an ex\u00a0vivo model. The\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and terminal half\u2010life of betamethasone were 6.43\u2009\u00b1\u20091.70\u2009ng\/mL, 0.75 (0.5\u20132.0\u2009h; median and range), and 30.5\u2009\u00b1\u200920.4\u2009h, respectively. Covariates were not found to have significant effects on the variability of pharmacokinetic parameters. Based on Monte Carlo simulations, for 1000 horses, a detection time of 23\u2009days is recommended for concentrations to fall below the screening limit of 10\u2009pg\/mL in 99% of the population. Urine concentrations were above the limit of quantitation in 2\/24 horses at 408\u2009h. Suppression of cortisol lasted for 360\u2009h. Effects on inflammatory biomarker production lasted for a prolonged period. An extended withdrawal time for intramuscular administration prior to competition is warranted.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.70052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T17:45:05Z","timestamp":1770486305000},"page":"295-305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and Anti\u2010Inflammatory Effects of Intramuscular Betamethasone in Exercised Thoroughbred Horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Juliana","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"K.L Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (Pharmacology Section), School of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Blea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"McKemie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.L Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (Pharmacology Section), School of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip H.","family":"Kass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8676-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather K.","family":"Knych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.L Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (Pharmacology Section), School of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis California USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102885.2008.01054.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12175"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.7.831"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Remington's Pharmaceutial Sciences","author":"Harvey S. 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