{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:03:31Z","timestamp":1784307811457,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015900","name":"OVC Pet Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["055423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["055423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015900","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp;amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Glycopyrrolate is an alternative to atropine to treat bradyarrhythmias in anesthetized rabbits; however, there are no pharmacokinetic studies in the literature. Six female New Zealand White rabbits received glycopyrrolate 0.05\u2009mg\/kg intravenously (IV) in the cephalic vein or intramuscularly (IM) in a complete crossover design. Blood was collected via jugular catheter to determine glycopyrrolate concentrations at baseline, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60\u2009min and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24\u2009h post\u2010administration. Quantification of plasma glycopyrrolate was performed using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. Non\u2010compartmental analysis showed fast clearance (104.03\u2009\u00b1\u200945.55\u2009mL\/kg\/min), volume of distribution at steady state of 0.75\u2009\u00b1\u20090.54\u2009L\/kg and terminal half\u2010life of 2.49\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1\u2009h after IV administration. Terminal half\u2010life was 3.34\u2009\u00b1\u20091.10\u2009h, T\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    was 0.07\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01\u2009h, and C\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    was 2.96\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u2009ng\/mL for the IM route. Absolute bioavailability for the IM route was 10.07%\u2009\u00b1\u20093.39%, suggesting higher doses may be needed for this route of administration. This study reports the pharmacokinetic parameters of glycopyrrolate in rabbits after IV and IM administration and may help design future evidence\u2010based administration protocols in this species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.70061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T11:52:27Z","timestamp":1772970747000},"page":"421-426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of Intramuscular and Intravenous Glycopyrrolate in Juvenile New Zealand White Rabbits"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3619-987X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Marchiori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph  Guelph Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7565-1674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph  Guelph Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8161-4482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"Messenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3021-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Reinhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3612-5548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugues","family":"Beaufr\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7608-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonja","family":"Fonfara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph  Guelph Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8356-0104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Valverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph  Guelph Ontario 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