{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:03:23Z","timestamp":1784307803233,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015103","name":"Japan Racing Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp;amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Medetomidine, an \u03b1\u2082\u2010adrenergic agonist, is widely used as a sedative in horses. While its pharmacological effects are established, limited data exist on elimination of its metabolites, 3\u2032\u2010hydroxy medetomidine (HMD) and 3\u2032\u2010carboxy medetomidine (CMD), which are of regulatory interest. HMD is currently targeted in plasma and urine under International Screening Limits (ISLs) established by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA). In this study, seven Thoroughbreds received 6.3\u2009\u03bcg\/kg of medetomidine intravenously. Blood and urine were collected for 96\u2009h and analyzed by LC\u2013MS\/MS after solid\u2010phase extraction with and without enzymatic hydrolysis. Parent drug was detectable in plasma up to 4\u2009h but absent in urine. HMD was quantifiable in plasma to 48\u2009h and urine to 72\u2009h, while CMD, with a distinct profile, was measurable in plasma to 32\u2009h and urine to 72\u2009h. Based on the ISLs, the detection times (DTs) for both plasma and urine were 48\u2009h. Pharmacokinetic modeling estimated clearance at 2.15\u2009L\/h\/kg and steady\u2010state distribution volume at 1.90\u2009L\/kg. These findings show rapid clearance of medetomidine and extended metabolite excretion. The DT of HMD aligns with loss of pharmacological effect, supporting current ISLs and reinforcing the rationale for targeting HMD, with CMD providing supplementary regulatory insight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.70063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T20:51:34Z","timestamp":1773003094000},"page":"385-391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasma and Urinary Elimination Profiles of Medetomidine Metabolites in Horses for the Purpose of Doping and Medication Control"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2096-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohei","family":"Minamijima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Racing Chemistry  Utsunomiya Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3709-5459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taisuke","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association  Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology  Fuchu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshimasa","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School Japan Racing Association  Shiroi Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoichi","family":"Narita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Veterinary Clinic, Horse Racing School Japan Racing Association  Shiroi Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shozo","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Racing Chemistry  Utsunomiya Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Racing Chemistry  Utsunomiya Tochigi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products.2026.\u201cDetomidine Summary Report.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/mrl\u2010report\/detomidine\u2010summary\u2010report\u2010committee\u2010veterinary\u2010medicinal\u2010products_en.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.1379"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146715"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80118-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2025.106357"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00669.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.57.507"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"IFHA.2026a.https:\/\/ifhaonline.org\/Default.asp?section=IABRW&area=1."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"IFHA.2026b.https:\/\/ifhaonline.org\/Default.asp?section=IABRW&area=6."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"IFHA.2026c.\u201cPublication of Detection Times on the IFHA Website.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.ifhaonline.org\/resources\/DetectionTimes.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"Medbullets.2026.\u201cMedbullets Pharmacology: Phase I vs Phase II Metabolism.\u201dhttps:\/\/step1.medbullets.com\/pharmacology\/107006\/phase\u2010i\u2010vs\u2010phase\u2010ii\u2010metabolism."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13407"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00498259009046862"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1294\/jes.30.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516402776185985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Drug Metabolism: Phase I and Phase II Metabolic Pathways","author":"ul Amin Mohsin N.","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Clinical Anesthesia in Horses","volume":"30","author":"Yamashita K.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the Japan Society of Clinical Anesthesiologists"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2327\/jvas.25.95"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12935\/jvma1951.52.498"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.1144"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and 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