{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:03:33Z","timestamp":1784307813287,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp;amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study compared tear film exposure and retention of four chloramphenicol ophthalmic formulations in dogs, evaluating the effects of drug concentration (0.2% to 5%) and vehicle type (solution vs. ointment). Eight healthy dogs were enrolled in a randomized paired\u2010eye crossover study consisting of two sessions with a 7\u2010day washout. Tear samples were collected via microcapillary tubes at intervals up to 480 min post\u2010instillation, and concentrations were quantified using UV\u2013Vis spectrophotometry. Results showed that chloramphenicol exposure was significantly enhanced by higher concentrations and ointment vehicles. The 0.8% solution achieved a 2.2\u2010fold increase in AUC\n                    <jats:sub>0\u2013480<\/jats:sub>\n                    over the 0.2% solution, while the 5% ointment provided a 3.0\u2010fold increase over the 1% ointment. Tear concentration at 480 min was superior for ointments, with the 5% formulation maintaining 88.7 \u00b1\u20096.8 \u03bcg\/mL, whereas both solutions fell below quantification limits by the end of the interval. Overall exposure did not differ significantly between the 0.8% solution and 1% ointment. In conclusion, chloramphenicol exposure on the ocular surface depends on both concentration and formulation. High\u2010concentration ointments maximize exposure and prolong retention, providing a pharmacokinetic framework for optimizing therapy in canine bacterial keratitis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.70069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T05:40:19Z","timestamp":1774417219000},"page":"378-384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ocular Pharmacokinetics of Topical Chloramphenicol in Dogs: Effects of Concentration and Vehicle Formulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Bar","family":"Fruchter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Rehovot Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oren","family":"Pe'er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Rehovot Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shir","family":"Gonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Rehovot Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0103-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lionel","family":"Sebbag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Rehovot Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/an9871200895"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-023-00496-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000215"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13224"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440\u20101681.2000.03288.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15569529309057660"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"188","article-title":"Assessment of the Precorneal Residence of an Ophthalmic Ointment in Healthy Subjects","volume":"35","author":"Greaves J. 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