{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:03:33Z","timestamp":1784307813296,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp;amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Subanaesthetic doses of ketamine (0.5\u2009mg\u2009kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) provide analgesia in several species, but there is limited information on the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of intramuscularly administered ketamine in horses. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine, and evaluated clinical effects, ataxia, and vital parameters, following intramuscular and intravenous administration of 0.5\u2009mg\u2009kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ketamine in nine healthy horses, using a randomized two\u2010period crossover design with a 1\u2010week washout period. Plasma concentrations were analyzed using Ultra\u2010High Performance Liquid Chromatography\u2013Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS). Ketamine pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a one\u2010compartment model and norketamine using a noncompartmental model. After intravenous administration (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099), ketamine showed a C\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 525\u2009\u00b1\u2009290\u2009ng\u2009mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , an AUC\n                    <jats:sub>0\u2013\u221e<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 85.9\u2009\u00b1\u200954.7\u2009ng\u00b7h\u2009mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and a\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1\/2z<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 0.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01\u2009h. Following intramuscular administration (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097), ketamine plasma concentrations were below the limit of quantification (&lt;\u20095\u2009ng\u2009mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) except at a few early timepoints, preventing reliable pharmacokinetic analysis. Norketamine showed a C\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 39.7\u2009\u00b1\u200932.3\u2009ng\u2009mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    and a\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 0.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.18\u2009h after intramuscular administration. All horses developed transient, mild\u2010to\u2010severe ataxia after intravenous administration, resolving within 15\u2009min. This was not observed after intramuscular administration. Intramuscular ketamine administration (0.5\u2009mg\u2009kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) shows a low systemic bioavailability (&lt;\u20095%) but is well tolerated and has minimal adverse effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.70070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T08:50:48Z","timestamp":1774947048000},"page":"392-401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of Intramuscularly Administered Ketamine at Subanaesthetic Dosage in Horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Zo\u00eb","family":"Vandaele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University  Merelbeke 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