{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:41:17Z","timestamp":1792651277481,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007165","name":"University of Missouri","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pharm &amp; Therapeutics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Atopica (formerly Novartis, now Elanco Animal Health) is the pioneer veterinary\u2010approved modified cyclosporine authorized by both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Despite the availability of several veterinary\u2010specific generics, human generics are frequently substituted extra\u2010label in clinical practice. However, therapeutic equivalence in humans does not guarantee equal bioavailability in dogs, whether comparing these products to one another or to Atopica. As a Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II compound, cyclosporine's oral absorption is primarily determined by its dissolution rate. This study compared the in\u00a0vivo dissolution profiles of three human cyclosporine products including Neoral (Novartis), TEVA (TEVA Pharmaceuticals), and Apotex (Apotex Inc) with Atopica using a Distek 2100 A system (USP Apparatus 2, 50\u2009rpm, 500\u2009mL deionized water, 37\u00b0C). Primary outcomes included visual capsule rupture time and cyclosporine concentration at 7.5, 15, and 30\u2009min, quantified by high\u2010performance liquid chromatography. Neoral exhibited a shorter mean capsule rupture time compared to Atopica, while TEVA and Apotex showed no difference. At the 30\u2010min mark, no significant differences in concentrations were observed among the products. While these in\u00a0vitro results suggest comparable dissolution at a critical absorption 30\u2010min time point, the shorter capsule rupture time of Neoral highlights formulation\u2010specific differences. Comprehensive in\u00a0vivo pharmacokinetic studies are warranted to determine if these human generics are truly interchangeable with Atopica or one another in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.70117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:14:37Z","timestamp":1792649677000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of the In\u00a0Vitro Dissolution Profiles for Cyclosporine Formulations"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Nicole E.","family":"Alleva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1908-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsuan\u2010Ping","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9267-5528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan R.","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7969-8805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nai\u2010Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Biostatistics and Medical Epidemiology, School of Medicine University of Missouri  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9955-7718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crisanta","family":"Cruz\u2010Espindola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University  Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0626-2171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawn M.","family":"Boothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University  Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.1211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748\u20105827.2006.00303.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2013.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094\u2010006\u20100068\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020214"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. n.d.Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Requirements: Definitions. 21 Code of Federal Regulations \u00a7320.1."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748\u20105827.2006.00065.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c7365"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102885.2006.00781.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248\u2010021\u201000590\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5599\/admet.1140"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Veterinary Application of In\u00a0Vitro Dissolution Data and the Biopharmaceutics Classification System","author":"Martinez M. 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