{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:13:28Z","timestamp":1787015608013,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["23780202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23780202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["90196816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["90196816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016885","name":"Fundamental Research Developing Association for Shipbuilding and Offshore","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004016","name":"The Japan Prize Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Foundation for Earth Environment"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine whether mef(C) and mph(G), originally found on the transferable multi-drug plasmid pAQU1 from Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae isolated from seawater of a fish farm, are responsible for conferring macrolide resistance. Since these genes are localized head-to-tail on pAQU1 and only four nucleotides exist between them, the single- and combination-effect of these genes was examined. When mph(G) alone was introduced to Escherichia coli, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin increased, whereas introduction of mef(C) alone did not influence macrolide susceptibility. Introduction of both mef(C) and mph(G) dramatically increased the MICs to the same three macrolides, i.e. &amp;gt;512 \u03bcg ml\u22121, &amp;gt;512 \u03bcg ml\u22121 and 128 \u03bcg ml\u22121 respectively. These results suggest that the macrolide phosphotransferase encoded by mph(G) is essential for macrolide resistance, while the efflux pump encoded by mef(C) is required for high-level macrolide resistance. The tandem-pair arrangements of the mef(C) and mph(G) genes were conserved on plasmids ranging in size from 240 to 350 kb of the 22 erythromycin-resistant strains belonging to Vibrio and Photobacterium obtained from the fish farm. Sixteen of 22 plasmids ranged in size from 300 to 350 kb. This is the first report of novel macrolide resistance genes originating from a marine bacterium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance and Impact of the Study<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, mef(C) and mph(G) were found to be novel macrolide-resistance genes, and this is the first report of macrolide-resistance genes originating from a marine bacterium. These genes may be responsible for previously reported cases of the emergence of erythromycin-resistant bacteria in aquaculture sites by an unknown mechanism. The introduction of the tandem arrangement of the mef(C) and mph(G) genes in Escherichia coli increased the MICs to erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin, suggesting a novel mechanism conferring high-level macrolide resistance via combined expression of the efflux pump and macrolide phosphotransferase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]],"date-time":"2015-03-11T14:16:52Z","timestamp":1426083412000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Novel macrolide-resistance genes,\n                    <i>mef<\/i>\n                    (C) and\n                    <i>mph<\/i>\n                    (G), carried by plasmids from\n                    <i>Vibrio<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Photobacterium<\/i>\n                    isolated from sediment and seawater of a coastal aquaculture 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Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023020106405092900_lam12414-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.02812.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from aquaculture sources in Australia","volume":"100","author":"Akinbowale","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2023020106405092900_lam12414-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0115583","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115583","article-title":"A novel erythromycin resistance plasmid from Bacillus sp. strain HS24, isolated from the marine sponge Haliclona simulans","volume":"9","author":"Barbosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2023020106405092900_lam12414-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00643.x","article-title":"Resistance phenotypes 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